Basic Sciences

Atomic structure: chemical bonds: ionic and covalent bonds.
Intermolecular bonding: van der Waals forces and hydrogen bond.
Water: structure and properties; weak interactions in aqueous systems.
Aqueous solutions: concentration of solutions; colligative properties; osmosis.
Chemical reactions: basic concepts; reactions and chemical equilibrium; catalysts; redox reactions.
Ionic equilibrium: equilibrium of water autoionization; pH; acids and bases; buffer solutions.
Bonding in carbon compounds: common classes of organic compounds.
Biomolecules and their structures.
Enzymes: structure, regulation and mechanism of action.
Metabolism: overview of metabolism; anabolic and catabolic pathways.
Energy metabolism: high energy molecules; ATP cycle; mechanisms of ATP synthesis; Krebs cycle; electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
Carbohydrate metabolism, basic concepts: digestion; origin and metabolic pathways of glucose; regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
Lipid metabolism, basic concepts: digestion; origin and metabolic pathways of fatty acids; regulation of lipid metabolism.
Amino acids metabolism, basic concepts: digestion; origin and metabolic pathways of amino acids; regulation of amino acids metabolism.
Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Hemoglobin.

Characteristics of the living matter: the cell theory; Methods to study the cell; Prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Levels of organization in Biology; Bases of biological evolution
Biological Macromolecules: Lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins.
Structure and organization of the eukaryotic cell: cellular compartmentalization; intracellular organelles; ribosomes; cytoskeleton; intercellular junction and extracellular matrix.
Structure and function of biological membranes: Fluid mosaic and transport across membranes
Cell-cell communications: How cells communicate with each other.
Cell cycle and cell-cycle regulation: Phases and control; cell death and transformation
Reproduction in living organisms: Sexual and asexual reproduction; mitosis and meiosis; gametogenesis, fertilization and differentiation.
DNA replication: the central dogma of molecular biology; DNA duplication and repair.
Transcription: Different types of RNA, RNA synthesis and maturation
Genetic code and protein translation: properties of the genetic code; protein synthesis and maturation.
The eukaryotic genome: chromatin structure; gene structure and control of gene expression.
Viruses: classification, structure and interaction with the host.
The Mendelian Laws and the transmission of monogenic traits: Genotype and phenotype; dominant, co-dominant and recessive alleles.
Monogenic genetic disease transmission: Cystic fibrosis; Thalassemia
Blood groups and multiple alleles

Introduction: Measurements in Physics. Fundamental and derived quantities. The International System of Units. Vector algebra.
Kinematics: Trajectory, displacement, velocity, acceleration, linear motion.
Dynamics - Newton's laws, gravitational force, force field, work, energy, power.
Statics - Equilibrium of a point particle, rigid body, torque, equilibrium of a rigid body, center of mass, stability, levers in the human body.
Statics e Dynamics of fluids - Aggregation states, density, pressure, Pascal's law, Stevin's law, Archimedes' principle, buoyancy, measurement of the pressure, flow rate, Hagen-Poiseuille's law.
Thermodynamics - Temperature, equation of state of an ideal gas, heat, specific heat, heat transfer.
Electrostatics and currents -Electric charge, Coulomb's law, potential energy and voltage, conductors and insulators, condenser, electrical current, Ohm's laws.
Radiations - Ionizing radiations, natural and artificial sources, radioactivity, radioactive decay, X ray.