Biology, Chemistry and General Biochemistry

Chemistry
- Material: properties and composition; substances, elements, and compounds
- Atomic structure: atomic number and mass
- Atomic orbits: energy levels and quantum numbers
- Electron configuration of the elements; Pauli's exclusion principle, ions and molecules
- The periodic system: the periodic chart; periodic properties; atomic rays; ionizing energy; electron affinity; electronegativity; metals, non-metals, semimetals
- Chemical bonds: ion, covalent, dative, metallic; octet rule, exceptions to the octet rule; valence bond theory, valence bonds (sigma and pi bonds)
- Hybridization, hybrid orbitals; sp, sp2, sp3 hybridization in carbon
- Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
Intermolecular bonds: ion-dipole interaction, Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bridge bonds
- Absolute and relative atomic mass, mole, and Avogadro's constant
- Gaseous, liquid, solid, colloidal solutions. Water. Ways of expressing concentration in a solution
- Solubility, diffusion, osmosis, osmotic pressure; raising the boiling point, lowering the freezing point, lowering vapor pressure
- Ionic balance in solutions; Le Chatellier's principle; water dissociation, ionic product of water; acid and base; pH; buffer solutions, buffer solution in blood
- Kinetics of chemical reactions; catalysis; chemical equilibrium; effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant
General biochemistry
- Functional groups of organic compounds: hydro silicon, carbonyl, carboxyl, ammines, isomers
- Biological macromolecules
- Proteins: structure and function; oxygen-binding proteins: hemoglobin and myoglobin
- Enzymes
- Principles of bioenergy. ATP and high-energy compounds, ATP synthesis: substrate phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation
- General aspects of metabolism: anabolism and catabolism
- Carbohydrate metabolism
- Lipid metabolism
- Protein metabolism
Biology
- Composition of organic matter and its biological-structural organization
- Composition, structure, function of the cell membrane
- Structure and function of cell organelles
- Structure of cytoskeletal molecules characterizing motility in myocells
- Function of the plasma membrane: transport, communication, anchoring
- Basic mechanisms of cell division and gene expression
- Biological/reproductive cycles in organisms