Organic Chemistry
A.Y. 2020/2021
Learning objectives
The aim of the course is to provide the basis for interpreting and predicting the structure, physical properties and chemical behavior of organic molecules. The course aims to present both synthetic and mechanistic aspects in order to lead students to an essential understanding of the principles and fundamental reactions of organic chemistry. The acquisition of the fundamental knowledge will be favored by classroom exercises.
The concepts learned in the course of Organic Chemistry represent the "basic code" to be able to deal with the appropriate cultural background courses of the following years, such as Biochemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, etc.
The concepts learned in the course of Organic Chemistry represent the "basic code" to be able to deal with the appropriate cultural background courses of the following years, such as Biochemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, etc.
Expected learning outcomes
At the end of the course the student will have acquired the following skills:
- know how to classify a molecule based on its functional groups, to attribute the IUPAC name to the molecule, be able to predict its Lewis structure, its geometry in the space, and know how to describe its stereochemical aspects;
- know how to predict the chemical-physical features of a compound based on its molecular structure;
- Know how to predict its reactivity based on its chemical properties (e.g. acidity or basicity, nucleophilicity or electrophilicity, etc.) and to describe the possible methodologies for its synthesis;
- know how to apply the acquired knowledge on the chemical behavior of organic molecules to the solution of problems both in a strictly chemical environment and in the broader context of life sciences (with particular reference to those concerning Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology).
- know how to classify a molecule based on its functional groups, to attribute the IUPAC name to the molecule, be able to predict its Lewis structure, its geometry in the space, and know how to describe its stereochemical aspects;
- know how to predict the chemical-physical features of a compound based on its molecular structure;
- Know how to predict its reactivity based on its chemical properties (e.g. acidity or basicity, nucleophilicity or electrophilicity, etc.) and to describe the possible methodologies for its synthesis;
- know how to apply the acquired knowledge on the chemical behavior of organic molecules to the solution of problems both in a strictly chemical environment and in the broader context of life sciences (with particular reference to those concerning Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology).
Lesson period: Activity scheduled over several sessions (see Course syllabus and organization section for more detailed information).
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course cannot be attended as a single course. Please check our list of single courses to find the ones available for enrolment.
Course syllabus and organization
Linea AL
Responsible
Lesson period
year
Teaching methods:
The lectures will be held in a mixed mode: face-to-face (with simultaneously streaming) and on-line as Webinars with the Microsoft Teams web-conference platform.
Links to the lecture recordings will be available on the lecturer's Ariel website.
The methods and criteria for participating at face-to-face lectures will be described on the lecturers's Ariel website, as well as any updates related to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reference materials:
The program and the reference material are the same also in the emergency phase.
Learning verification procedures and assessment criteria:
The contents and evaluation criteria of the final tests will not change.
The written test, if possible, will be held face-to-face. Alternatively, the on-line platforms exam.net + SEB + Microsoft Teams will be used. Details will be carefully described on the lecturer's Ariel website.
The oral examination will be held remotely on Microsoft Teams platform.
The lectures will be held in a mixed mode: face-to-face (with simultaneously streaming) and on-line as Webinars with the Microsoft Teams web-conference platform.
Links to the lecture recordings will be available on the lecturer's Ariel website.
The methods and criteria for participating at face-to-face lectures will be described on the lecturers's Ariel website, as well as any updates related to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reference materials:
The program and the reference material are the same also in the emergency phase.
Learning verification procedures and assessment criteria:
The contents and evaluation criteria of the final tests will not change.
The written test, if possible, will be held face-to-face. Alternatively, the on-line platforms exam.net + SEB + Microsoft Teams will be used. Details will be carefully described on the lecturer's Ariel website.
The oral examination will be held remotely on Microsoft Teams platform.
Course syllabus
General part. Uniqueness of carbon. The chemical bond. Ionic, covalent and polar bonds. Atomic, molecular and hybrid orbitals. Single, double and triple bond. Methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, ammonia and water. The concept of resonance. The arrows in organic chemistry. How to represent molecules. Extended and abbreviated structural formulas. Structural isomers. Classification of organic compounds: based on their structure and functional groups. Intermolecular forces. Dipole-dipole interactions, Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bond. Solubility. Organic solvents. Hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. Types of reactions. How organic reactions occur. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. Energy diagrams.
Alkane. Alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclature. Conformational analysis in alkanes: ethane and butane. Newman projections. Conformational analysis in cycloalkanes: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane. Mono and disubstituted cyclohexanes. Cis-trans isomerism in cycloalkanes. Condensed cycloalkanes. Physical properties of alkanes. Radical reactions. What is a radical. Reactivity of alkanes: halogenation and oxidation. Alkanes preparation. Reduction of alkenes and alkynes and carbonyl compounds.
Stereochemistry. Introduction to chirality. Asymmetric objects and atoms. Chiral and achiral molecules. Enantiomers. Polarimetry. Specific rotation. Enantiomeric excess and optical purity. Assignment of the absolute configuration. C.I.P. convention (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog), system R, S. Rules for substituents priorities. Fischer projections. Molecules with more stereocenters: diastereomers. Meso-compounds. Chirality in substituted cycloalkanes. Racemes and resolution. Solvents reagents. Prochirality of sp2 and sp3 carbons. Chirality in atoms other than carbon. Non-symmetrical but not asymmetric molecules: C2 symmetry in allenes, spiranes and hindered biphenyls. Atropisomerism. Importance of the chirality in the biological world and in pharmacological active molecules.
Alkenes. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Cis-trans isomerism in alkenes. The E / Z system. Reactivity. Carbocations. Electrophilic addition to alkenes: generalities. Markovnikov rule. Addition of hydrogen halides. Carbocation rearrangement. Stereochemical aspects. Addition of halogens: the ion ion. Addition of halogens and hypohalides acids. Acid catalysed addition of water, oxymercuration/reduction and hydroboration/oxidation reactions. Regio- and stereo-chemical consequences. Catalytic reduction reactions of the double bond. Heats of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes. Oxidation reactions: oxidation and oxidative demolition. Stereochemical aspects. Preparation of alkenes by elimination reaction from alcohols, from alkyl halides and from quaternary ammonium salts. Zaitsev and Hofmann rules. Preparation for partial reduction of alkynes.
Acids and bases. Acids and bases according to Arrhenius. Acids and bases according to Brønsted-Lowry. Acid dissociation constants, pKa and strength of acids and bases. Positions of equilibrium in acid-base reactions. Molecular structure and acidity. Acids and bases according to Lewis. Factors that influence the acidity in organic molecules. Nucleophilicity and electrophilicity.
Alkynes. Nomenclature and physical properties. Acidity. Reactivity. Alkylation of acetylides. Electrophilic additions: addition of halogens, hydrogen halides, water and comparison of reactivity with alkenes. Reductions. Acetylene.
Conjugated dienes. Nomenclature and physical properties. Reactivity. Hydrogenation heat. Addition reactions 1,2 and 1,4. Addition of halogen halide and halogen acids. Factors influencing the distribution of products. The Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Stereo-and region-chemical aspects. Mechanism.
Aliphatic halogen compounds. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. Mechanisms SN1 and SN2, factors that influence the course and stereochemical aspects. E1 and E2 mechanisms, factors that influence the course and stereochemical aspects. Pseudohalides as alternative leaving groups. Competition between nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions E. Preparation of halogen compounds from alcohols.
Alcohols. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Classification. Acidity and basicity. Reactivity. Oxidation. Dehydration. Synthesis. Preparation by hydration of alkenes and by reduction of carbonyl compounds.
Organometallic compounds. Carbon-metal bond. Reactivity depending on the nature of the metals. Grignard and organo-lithium reagents. Basicity and nucleophilicity. Preparation of organometallic compounds. Reactions with aldehydes, ketones, esters, epoxides, carbon dioxide.
Ethers. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Synthesis. From dehydration of alcohols. Williamson reaction. Addition of alcohols to alkenes. Split with HX.
Epoxides. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Nucleophilic reactions in acid and basic environment. Stereochemical implications. Synthesis. Dehydrohalogenation of halohydrins and alkenes oxidation.
Sulfur compounds. Tiol and sulfides. Structure and physical properties. Nomenclature. Acidity. Oxidation reactions. Preparation. Notes on the chemistry of thioethers, disulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones and sulphonic acids.
Aldehydes and ketones. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic additions to the carbonyl: water, alcohols, ammonia and derivatives, thiols, cyanides. Reduction with hydrides. Wittig reaction. Oxidation. Deoxygenation to alkanes (Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, thioacetal hydrogenolysis). Synthesis. From Grignard and nitrile compounds, by partial reduction of carboxylic acids (and derivatives) with hydrides and by oxidation of alcohols. Important aldehydes and ketones: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone.
Carboxylic acids. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Acidity. Effect of substituents on acidity. Salts formation. Reactivity. Alcohol reduction. Preparation methods of carboxylic acids: oxidative, carbonation of organometallic reagents, hydrolysis of derivatives. Reactions to hydroxyl H: carboxylate as nucleophile, formation of methyl esters with diazomethane. Reactions to hydroxyl OH: nucleophilic acyl substitution. Formation of halides, anhydrides, esters and amides. Fischer esterification. Decarboxylation of beta-ketoacids. Esters of nitric and phosphoric acid.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids (acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides and nitriles). Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic acyl substitution: mechanism and applications. Hydrolysis. Transformations between the derivatives of carboxylic acids, allowed and not. Reduction. Lactones, lactams, imides and cyclic anhydrides: preparation and reactivity. Acidity of amides, sulfonamides and imides.
Amines. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Basicity and acidity. Reactivity. Alkylation and acylation. Quaternary ammonium salts. Elimination of Hofmann. Diazotization and reactions of diazonium ions of aliphatic amines. Synthesis. Gabriel synthesis. Reducing amination reactions. Hofmann rearrangement. Reduction of nitro compounds, nitriles, amides, azides.
Benzene and derivatives. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Hydrogenation heat. Electronic structure of benzene. Resonance of benzene and other important systems. Representations of benzene. Hückel's rule. Electrophilic aromatic substitution on benzene and monosubstituted derivatives. Nitration. Sulfonation. Halogenation. Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. Activating and deactivating substituents. Inductive and mesomeric effect. Orienting effects. SEAr on substituted benzenes: agonist and antagonist effects. Reduction of the aromatic ring. Oxidation in the benzyl position.
Aniline and Phenols. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Partial deactivation. Acidity and basicity of anilines and phenols. Arendiazonium salts: synthesis and use. Synthesis of phenolic ethers. Aromatic electrophilic substitution. Synthesis. Alkaline fusion. Preparation from diazonium salts.
Chemistry of enols and enolate ions. Formation of enols and enolates. Reactions via enol and via enolate. The role of the base. Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones via enol and enolate. Acid alogenation: the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. Direct alkylation of enolates. Stork reaction. Malonic synthesis. Acetacetic synthesis. Condensation reactions: Aldol condensation and dehydration. Intramolecular and mixed aldolic reactions. Knovenagel reaction. Claisen and Dieckmann condensation reactions. Mixed Claisen reaction. Mannich reaction.
Carbonyl compounds and α, β-unsaturated nitriles. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Addition conjugated reactions with nucleophiles. Michael's addition and its applications. Reactions with organometallic compounds. Robinson ringing. Reduction. Preparation with aldol type reactions.
Carbohydrates. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Classification and properties. Fischer projections. Monosaccharide structures: stereochemistry and configuration, cyclic structures. Mutarotation. Monosaccharide reactions: glycoside formation. Monosaccharide reactions: formation of ethers, esters and acetals. Selective hydrolysis. Oxidation reactions: formation of aldonic acids. Tollens, Fehling and Benedict tests. Reducing and non-reducing sugars. Oxidation reactions: formation of aldaric acids and oxidation with periodic acid. Reduction reactions: formation of alditols. Kiliani-Fischer synthesis. Ruff degradation. Test for glucose stereochemistry. Disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose. Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen and cellulose.
Amino acids, peptides, proteins. Natural amino acids. Biological role, stereochemistry and classification. Acid-base properties, titration, isoelectric point. Electrophoresis. Reactivity of the amino and carboxylic group. Esterification and acylation reactions. Cysteine oxidation. Synthesis of amino acids: from alpha-haloacids, malonic synthesis and Strecker synthesis. Resolution. Peptide synthesis. Protecting groups for amine and carboxy terminus. Protection and selective deprotection. Formation of the peptide bond with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). Peptide synthesis in liquid and solid phase (Merrifield). Secondary structure of proteins: alpha-helix, beta-sheet, beta-turn. Tertiary structure: fibrous and globular proteins. Quaternary structure: protein subunits.
Lipids. Fatty acids, triglycerides, oils and fats. Rancidity and hydrogenation. Cere. Soaps and saponification. Detergents. Phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins (outline).
Aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Acidity and basicity. Reactivity of furan, pyrrole, thiophene, indole and benzofuran. Electrophilic substitutions. Paal-Knorr synthesis of furan, pyrrole and thiophene. Fischer synthesis of indole. Pyridine and quinoline reactivity. Electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions. Chichibabin reaction. Hantzsch synthesis of pyridine and Friedländer synthesis of quinoline.
Nucleic acids. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Pyrimidine and purine bases: tautomerism, protonability.
Alkane. Alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclature. Conformational analysis in alkanes: ethane and butane. Newman projections. Conformational analysis in cycloalkanes: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane. Mono and disubstituted cyclohexanes. Cis-trans isomerism in cycloalkanes. Condensed cycloalkanes. Physical properties of alkanes. Radical reactions. What is a radical. Reactivity of alkanes: halogenation and oxidation. Alkanes preparation. Reduction of alkenes and alkynes and carbonyl compounds.
Stereochemistry. Introduction to chirality. Asymmetric objects and atoms. Chiral and achiral molecules. Enantiomers. Polarimetry. Specific rotation. Enantiomeric excess and optical purity. Assignment of the absolute configuration. C.I.P. convention (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog), system R, S. Rules for substituents priorities. Fischer projections. Molecules with more stereocenters: diastereomers. Meso-compounds. Chirality in substituted cycloalkanes. Racemes and resolution. Solvents reagents. Prochirality of sp2 and sp3 carbons. Chirality in atoms other than carbon. Non-symmetrical but not asymmetric molecules: C2 symmetry in allenes, spiranes and hindered biphenyls. Atropisomerism. Importance of the chirality in the biological world and in pharmacological active molecules.
Alkenes. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Cis-trans isomerism in alkenes. The E / Z system. Reactivity. Carbocations. Electrophilic addition to alkenes: generalities. Markovnikov rule. Addition of hydrogen halides. Carbocation rearrangement. Stereochemical aspects. Addition of halogens: the ion ion. Addition of halogens and hypohalides acids. Acid catalysed addition of water, oxymercuration/reduction and hydroboration/oxidation reactions. Regio- and stereo-chemical consequences. Catalytic reduction reactions of the double bond. Heats of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes. Oxidation reactions: oxidation and oxidative demolition. Stereochemical aspects. Preparation of alkenes by elimination reaction from alcohols, from alkyl halides and from quaternary ammonium salts. Zaitsev and Hofmann rules. Preparation for partial reduction of alkynes.
Acids and bases. Acids and bases according to Arrhenius. Acids and bases according to Brønsted-Lowry. Acid dissociation constants, pKa and strength of acids and bases. Positions of equilibrium in acid-base reactions. Molecular structure and acidity. Acids and bases according to Lewis. Factors that influence the acidity in organic molecules. Nucleophilicity and electrophilicity.
Alkynes. Nomenclature and physical properties. Acidity. Reactivity. Alkylation of acetylides. Electrophilic additions: addition of halogens, hydrogen halides, water and comparison of reactivity with alkenes. Reductions. Acetylene.
Conjugated dienes. Nomenclature and physical properties. Reactivity. Hydrogenation heat. Addition reactions 1,2 and 1,4. Addition of halogen halide and halogen acids. Factors influencing the distribution of products. The Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Stereo-and region-chemical aspects. Mechanism.
Aliphatic halogen compounds. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. Mechanisms SN1 and SN2, factors that influence the course and stereochemical aspects. E1 and E2 mechanisms, factors that influence the course and stereochemical aspects. Pseudohalides as alternative leaving groups. Competition between nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions E. Preparation of halogen compounds from alcohols.
Alcohols. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Classification. Acidity and basicity. Reactivity. Oxidation. Dehydration. Synthesis. Preparation by hydration of alkenes and by reduction of carbonyl compounds.
Organometallic compounds. Carbon-metal bond. Reactivity depending on the nature of the metals. Grignard and organo-lithium reagents. Basicity and nucleophilicity. Preparation of organometallic compounds. Reactions with aldehydes, ketones, esters, epoxides, carbon dioxide.
Ethers. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Synthesis. From dehydration of alcohols. Williamson reaction. Addition of alcohols to alkenes. Split with HX.
Epoxides. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Nucleophilic reactions in acid and basic environment. Stereochemical implications. Synthesis. Dehydrohalogenation of halohydrins and alkenes oxidation.
Sulfur compounds. Tiol and sulfides. Structure and physical properties. Nomenclature. Acidity. Oxidation reactions. Preparation. Notes on the chemistry of thioethers, disulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones and sulphonic acids.
Aldehydes and ketones. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic additions to the carbonyl: water, alcohols, ammonia and derivatives, thiols, cyanides. Reduction with hydrides. Wittig reaction. Oxidation. Deoxygenation to alkanes (Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, thioacetal hydrogenolysis). Synthesis. From Grignard and nitrile compounds, by partial reduction of carboxylic acids (and derivatives) with hydrides and by oxidation of alcohols. Important aldehydes and ketones: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone.
Carboxylic acids. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Acidity. Effect of substituents on acidity. Salts formation. Reactivity. Alcohol reduction. Preparation methods of carboxylic acids: oxidative, carbonation of organometallic reagents, hydrolysis of derivatives. Reactions to hydroxyl H: carboxylate as nucleophile, formation of methyl esters with diazomethane. Reactions to hydroxyl OH: nucleophilic acyl substitution. Formation of halides, anhydrides, esters and amides. Fischer esterification. Decarboxylation of beta-ketoacids. Esters of nitric and phosphoric acid.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids (acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides and nitriles). Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic acyl substitution: mechanism and applications. Hydrolysis. Transformations between the derivatives of carboxylic acids, allowed and not. Reduction. Lactones, lactams, imides and cyclic anhydrides: preparation and reactivity. Acidity of amides, sulfonamides and imides.
Amines. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Basicity and acidity. Reactivity. Alkylation and acylation. Quaternary ammonium salts. Elimination of Hofmann. Diazotization and reactions of diazonium ions of aliphatic amines. Synthesis. Gabriel synthesis. Reducing amination reactions. Hofmann rearrangement. Reduction of nitro compounds, nitriles, amides, azides.
Benzene and derivatives. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Hydrogenation heat. Electronic structure of benzene. Resonance of benzene and other important systems. Representations of benzene. Hückel's rule. Electrophilic aromatic substitution on benzene and monosubstituted derivatives. Nitration. Sulfonation. Halogenation. Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. Activating and deactivating substituents. Inductive and mesomeric effect. Orienting effects. SEAr on substituted benzenes: agonist and antagonist effects. Reduction of the aromatic ring. Oxidation in the benzyl position.
Aniline and Phenols. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Partial deactivation. Acidity and basicity of anilines and phenols. Arendiazonium salts: synthesis and use. Synthesis of phenolic ethers. Aromatic electrophilic substitution. Synthesis. Alkaline fusion. Preparation from diazonium salts.
Chemistry of enols and enolate ions. Formation of enols and enolates. Reactions via enol and via enolate. The role of the base. Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones via enol and enolate. Acid alogenation: the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. Direct alkylation of enolates. Stork reaction. Malonic synthesis. Acetacetic synthesis. Condensation reactions: Aldol condensation and dehydration. Intramolecular and mixed aldolic reactions. Knovenagel reaction. Claisen and Dieckmann condensation reactions. Mixed Claisen reaction. Mannich reaction.
Carbonyl compounds and α, β-unsaturated nitriles. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Addition conjugated reactions with nucleophiles. Michael's addition and its applications. Reactions with organometallic compounds. Robinson ringing. Reduction. Preparation with aldol type reactions.
Carbohydrates. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Classification and properties. Fischer projections. Monosaccharide structures: stereochemistry and configuration, cyclic structures. Mutarotation. Monosaccharide reactions: glycoside formation. Monosaccharide reactions: formation of ethers, esters and acetals. Selective hydrolysis. Oxidation reactions: formation of aldonic acids. Tollens, Fehling and Benedict tests. Reducing and non-reducing sugars. Oxidation reactions: formation of aldaric acids and oxidation with periodic acid. Reduction reactions: formation of alditols. Kiliani-Fischer synthesis. Ruff degradation. Test for glucose stereochemistry. Disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose. Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen and cellulose.
Amino acids, peptides, proteins. Natural amino acids. Biological role, stereochemistry and classification. Acid-base properties, titration, isoelectric point. Electrophoresis. Reactivity of the amino and carboxylic group. Esterification and acylation reactions. Cysteine oxidation. Synthesis of amino acids: from alpha-haloacids, malonic synthesis and Strecker synthesis. Resolution. Peptide synthesis. Protecting groups for amine and carboxy terminus. Protection and selective deprotection. Formation of the peptide bond with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). Peptide synthesis in liquid and solid phase (Merrifield). Secondary structure of proteins: alpha-helix, beta-sheet, beta-turn. Tertiary structure: fibrous and globular proteins. Quaternary structure: protein subunits.
Lipids. Fatty acids, triglycerides, oils and fats. Rancidity and hydrogenation. Cere. Soaps and saponification. Detergents. Phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins (outline).
Aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Acidity and basicity. Reactivity of furan, pyrrole, thiophene, indole and benzofuran. Electrophilic substitutions. Paal-Knorr synthesis of furan, pyrrole and thiophene. Fischer synthesis of indole. Pyridine and quinoline reactivity. Electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions. Chichibabin reaction. Hantzsch synthesis of pyridine and Friedländer synthesis of quinoline.
Nucleic acids. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Pyrimidine and purine bases: tautomerism, protonability.
Prerequisites for admission
- Basic concepts of general chemistry and stoichiometry: atom, atomic number and mass number, atomic and molecular weight, mole and molar weight, structure of the atom, shells and atomic orbitals, rules for filling orbitals (Aufbau, Pauli, Hund), valence, electronic configuration, Lewis structures, octet rule, VSEPR theory, atomic and molecular orbitals, acids and bases (Arrhenius Broensted-Lowry and Lewis).
- Basic concepts of physical chemistry: chemical equilibrium, Keq, thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions, free energy, enthalpy, entropy.
- Basic concepts of physical chemistry: chemical equilibrium, Keq, thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions, free energy, enthalpy, entropy.
Teaching methods
- lectures in the classroom with check-points for learning assessment
- short live or video experiences
- exercises on the blackboard
- online learning test (using the Exam Manager app) between one lesson and the next to monitor the learning level.
- short live or video experiences
- exercises on the blackboard
- online learning test (using the Exam Manager app) between one lesson and the next to monitor the learning level.
Teaching Resources
Textbooks:
- Brown - Foote - Iverson, Organic Chemistry, EDISES
- Bruice, Organic Chemistry, EDISES
- McMurry, Organic Chemistry, PICCIN
- Botta, Organic Chemistry, EDI-ERMES
- Vollhardt, Organic Chemistry, ZANICHELLI
- Streitwieser - Heathcock, Introduction to Organic Chemistry, PICCIN
Workbooks:
- Iverson - Iverson, Guide to solving problems from organic chemistry by Brown, Iverson, Anslyn, Foote, EDISES
- D'Auria - Taglialatela Scafati - Zampella, Reasoned guide to carrying out organic chemistry exercises, LOGHIA
- Nicotra - Cipolla, Exercise Book of Organic Chemistry, EDISES
Digital material:
- Ariel website (http://gabbiatico.ariel.ctu.unimi.it) with: slides of the lectures, exercises, examination texts, videos, websites of interest, forum, self-evaluation test.
- App Exam Manager from EDISES publi
- Brown - Foote - Iverson, Organic Chemistry, EDISES
- Bruice, Organic Chemistry, EDISES
- McMurry, Organic Chemistry, PICCIN
- Botta, Organic Chemistry, EDI-ERMES
- Vollhardt, Organic Chemistry, ZANICHELLI
- Streitwieser - Heathcock, Introduction to Organic Chemistry, PICCIN
Workbooks:
- Iverson - Iverson, Guide to solving problems from organic chemistry by Brown, Iverson, Anslyn, Foote, EDISES
- D'Auria - Taglialatela Scafati - Zampella, Reasoned guide to carrying out organic chemistry exercises, LOGHIA
- Nicotra - Cipolla, Exercise Book of Organic Chemistry, EDISES
Digital material:
- Ariel website (http://gabbiatico.ariel.ctu.unimi.it) with: slides of the lectures, exercises, examination texts, videos, websites of interest, forum, self-evaluation test.
- App Exam Manager from EDISES publi
Assessment methods and Criteria
Written + oral examination, grades in thirtieth.
Written test: 10 exercises on the whole program to be performed in 2 hours. Maximum 3 points for each exercise.
Type of exercises: acidity/basicity/nucleophilic/relative reactivity scales; reactivity of functional groups; preparation of functional groups; stereochemistry; guided synthesis; reactivity/properties of aromatic compounds; carbohydrate reactions/synthesis/stereochemistry; synthesis/properties of amino acids or peptides; synthesis/reactivity of heterocycles; carbonyl condensation reaction; reaction mechanism.
Oral examination: to be admitted to the oral examination is mandatory the overcoming of the written test with a grading greater than 18/30. The interview mainly focuses on concepts and principles of organic chemistry. The oral examination is normally held within 15 days of the written test.
Written test: 10 exercises on the whole program to be performed in 2 hours. Maximum 3 points for each exercise.
Type of exercises: acidity/basicity/nucleophilic/relative reactivity scales; reactivity of functional groups; preparation of functional groups; stereochemistry; guided synthesis; reactivity/properties of aromatic compounds; carbohydrate reactions/synthesis/stereochemistry; synthesis/properties of amino acids or peptides; synthesis/reactivity of heterocycles; carbonyl condensation reaction; reaction mechanism.
Oral examination: to be admitted to the oral examination is mandatory the overcoming of the written test with a grading greater than 18/30. The interview mainly focuses on concepts and principles of organic chemistry. The oral examination is normally held within 15 days of the written test.
CHIM/06 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - University credits: 10
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 72 hours
Lessons: 72 hours
Professor:
Abbiati Giorgio
Linea MZ
Responsible
Lesson period
year
Limited to the period of the health emergency, the lessons of the Organic Chemistry course will undergo the changes specified below.
Lessons will be held on the Microsoft Teams platform and can be followed synchronously, based on the first semester timetable, and asynchronously because they will be recorded and left available to students on the same platform.
The Tuesday lesson, once every two weeks, will be delivered in person starting on 29 September, the starting date of the lessons. The course includes 16 hours of exercises that will be inserted at the discretion of the teacher during the course.
There will be no changes regarding the program and teaching material. If possible, the exam (written + oral) will be done in person. If the anti-covid measures will be more stringent, remote mode will be adopted on the Microsoft Teams platform. Based on the students' requests and the teacher's opinion, it is possible to adopt the modality of the ongoing tests.
Lessons will be held on the Microsoft Teams platform and can be followed synchronously, based on the first semester timetable, and asynchronously because they will be recorded and left available to students on the same platform.
The Tuesday lesson, once every two weeks, will be delivered in person starting on 29 September, the starting date of the lessons. The course includes 16 hours of exercises that will be inserted at the discretion of the teacher during the course.
There will be no changes regarding the program and teaching material. If possible, the exam (written + oral) will be done in person. If the anti-covid measures will be more stringent, remote mode will be adopted on the Microsoft Teams platform. Based on the students' requests and the teacher's opinion, it is possible to adopt the modality of the ongoing tests.
Course syllabus
General part. Uniqueness of carbon. The chemical bond. Ionic, covalent and polar bonds. Atomic, molecular and hybrid orbitals. Single, double and triple bond. Methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, ammonia and water. The concept of resonance. The arrows in organic chemistry. How to represent molecules. Extended and abbreviated structural formulas. Structural isomers. Classification of organic compounds: based on their structure and functional groups. Intermolecular forces. Dipole-dipole interactions, Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bond. Solubility. Organic solvents. Hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. Types of reactions. How organic reactions occur. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. Energy diagrams.
Alkane. Alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclature. Conformational analysis in alkanes: ethane and butane. Newman projections. Conformational analysis in cycloalkanes: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane. Mono and disubstituted cyclohexanes. Cis-trans isomerism in cycloalkanes. Condensed cycloalkanes. Physical properties of alkanes. Radical reactions. What is a radical. Reactivity of alkanes: halogenation and oxidation. Alkanes preparation. Reduction of alkenes and alkynes and carbonyl compounds.
Stereochemistry. Introduction to chirality. Asymmetric objects and atoms. Chiral and achiral molecules. Enantiomers. Polarimetry. Specific rotation. Enantiomeric excess and optical purity. Assignment of the absolute configuration. C.I.P. convention (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog), system R, S. Rules for substituents priorities. Fischer projections. Molecules with more stereocenters: diastereomers. Meso-compounds. Chirality in substituted cycloalkanes. Racemes and resolution. Solvents reagents. Prochirality of sp2 and sp3 carbons. Chirality in atoms other than carbon. Non-symmetrical but not asymmetric molecules: C2 symmetry in allenes, spiranes and hindered biphenyls. Atropisomerism. Importance of the chirality in the biological world and in pharmacological active molecules.
Alkenes. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Cis-trans isomerism in alkenes. The E / Z system. Reactivity. Carbocations. Electrophilic addition to alkenes: generalities. Markovnikov rule. Addition of hydrogen halides. Carbocation rearrangement. Stereochemical aspects. Addition of halogens: the ion ion. Addition of halogens and hypohalides acids. Acid catalysed addition of water, oxymercuration/reduction and hydroboration/oxidation reactions. Regio- and stereo-chemical consequences. Catalytic reduction reactions of the double bond. Heats of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes. Oxidation reactions: oxidation and oxidative demolition. Stereochemical aspects. Preparation of alkenes by elimination reaction from alcohols, from alkyl halides and from quaternary ammonium salts. Zaitsev and Hofmann rules. Preparation for partial reduction of alkynes.
Acids and bases. Acids and bases according to Arrhenius. Acids and bases according to Brønsted-Lowry. Acid dissociation constants, pKa and strength of acids and bases. Positions of equilibrium in acid-base reactions. Molecular structure and acidity. Acids and bases according to Lewis. Factors that influence the acidity in organic molecules. Nucleophilicity and electrophilicity.
Alkynes. Nomenclature and physical properties. Acidity. Reactivity. Alkylation of acetylides. Electrophilic additions: addition of halogens, hydrogen halides, water and comparison of reactivity with alkenes. Reductions. Acetylene.
Conjugated dienes. Nomenclature and physical properties. Reactivity. Hydrogenation heat. Addition reactions 1,2 and 1,4. Addition of halogen halide and halogen acids. Factors influencing the distribution of products. The Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Stereo-and region-chemical aspects. Mechanism.
Aliphatic halogen compounds. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. Mechanisms SN1 and SN2, factors that influence the course and stereochemical aspects. E1 and E2 mechanisms, factors that influence the course and stereochemical aspects. Pseudohalides as alternative leaving groups. Competition between nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions E. Preparation of halogen compounds from alcohols.
Alcohols. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Classification. Acidity and basicity. Reactivity. Oxidation. Dehydration. Synthesis. Preparation by hydration of alkenes and by reduction of carbonyl compounds.
Organometallic compounds. Carbon-metal bond. Reactivity depending on the nature of the metals. Grignard and organo-lithium reagents. Basicity and nucleophilicity. Preparation of organometallic compounds. Reactions with aldehydes, ketones, esters, epoxides, carbon dioxide.
Ethers. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Synthesis. From dehydration of alcohols. Williamson reaction. Addition of alcohols to alkenes. Split with HX.
Epoxides. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Nucleophilic reactions in acid and basic environment. Stereochemical implications. Synthesis. Dehydrohalogenation of halohydrins and alkenes oxidation.
Sulfur compounds. Tiol and sulfides. Structure and physical properties. Nomenclature. Acidity. Oxidation reactions. Preparation. Notes on the chemistry of thioethers, disulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones and sulphonic acids.
Aldehydes and ketones. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic additions to the carbonyl: water, alcohols, ammonia and derivatives, thiols, cyanides. Reduction with hydrides. Wittig reaction. Oxidation. Deoxygenation to alkanes (Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, thioacetal hydrogenolysis). Synthesis. From Grignard and nitrile compounds, by partial reduction of carboxylic acids (and derivatives) with hydrides and by oxidation of alcohols. Important aldehydes and ketones: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone.
Carboxylic acids. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Acidity. Effect of substituents on acidity. Salts formation. Reactivity. Alcohol reduction. Preparation methods of carboxylic acids: oxidative, carbonation of organometallic reagents, hydrolysis of derivatives. Reactions to hydroxyl H: carboxylate as nucleophile, formation of methyl esters with diazomethane. Reactions to hydroxyl OH: nucleophilic acyl substitution. Formation of halides, anhydrides, esters and amides. Fischer esterification. Decarboxylation of beta-ketoacids. Esters of nitric and phosphoric acid.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids (acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides and nitriles). Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic acyl substitution: mechanism and applications. Hydrolysis. Transformations between the derivatives of carboxylic acids, allowed and not. Reduction. Lactones, lactams, imides and cyclic anhydrides: preparation and reactivity. Acidity of amides, sulfonamides and imides.
Amines. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Basicity and acidity. Reactivity. Alkylation and acylation. Quaternary ammonium salts. Elimination of Hofmann. Diazotization and reactions of diazonium ions of aliphatic amines. Synthesis. Gabriel synthesis. Reducing amination reactions. Hofmann rearrangement. Reduction of nitro compounds, nitriles, amides, azides.
Benzene and derivatives. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Hydrogenation heat. Electronic structure of benzene. Resonance of benzene and other important systems. Representations of benzene. Hückel's rule. Electrophilic aromatic substitution on benzene and monosubstituted derivatives. Nitration. Sulfonation. Halogenation. Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. Activating and deactivating substituents. Inductive and mesomeric effect. Orienting effects. SEAr on substituted benzenes: agonist and antagonist effects. Reduction of the aromatic ring. Oxidation in the benzyl position.
Aniline and Phenols. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Partial deactivation. Acidity and basicity of anilines and phenols. Arendiazonium salts: synthesis and use. Synthesis of phenolic ethers. Aromatic electrophilic substitution. Synthesis. Alkaline fusion. Preparation from diazonium salts.
Chemistry of enols and enolate ions. Formation of enols and enolates. Reactions via enol and via enolate. The role of the base. Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones via enol and enolate. Acid alogenation: the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. Direct alkylation of enolates. Stork reaction. Malonic synthesis. Acetacetic synthesis. Condensation reactions: Aldol condensation and dehydration. Intramolecular and mixed aldolic reactions. Knovenagel reaction. Claisen and Dieckmann condensation reactions. Mixed Claisen reaction. Mannich reaction.
Carbonyl compounds and α, β-unsaturated nitriles. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Addition conjugated reactions with nucleophiles. Michael's addition and its applications. Reactions with organometallic compounds. Robinson ringing. Reduction. Preparation with aldol type reactions.
Carbohydrates. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Classification and properties. Fischer projections. Monosaccharide structures: stereochemistry and configuration, cyclic structures. Mutarotation. Monosaccharide reactions: glycoside formation. Monosaccharide reactions: formation of ethers, esters and acetals. Selective hydrolysis. Oxidation reactions: formation of aldonic acids. Tollens, Fehling and Benedict tests. Reducing and non-reducing sugars. Oxidation reactions: formation of aldaric acids and oxidation with periodic acid. Reduction reactions: formation of alditols. Kiliani-Fischer synthesis. Ruff degradation. Test for glucose stereochemistry. Disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose. Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen and cellulose. Functionalized polysaccharides: ethers, acetates and nitric esters: celluloid and flash cotton.
Amino acids, peptides, proteins. Natural amino acids. Biological role, stereochemistry and classification. Acid-base properties, titration, isoelectric point. Electrophoresis. Reactivity of the amino and carboxylic group. Esterification and acylation reactions. Cysteine oxidation. Synthesis of amino acids: from -haloacids, malonic synthesis and Strecker synthesis. Resolution. Peptide synthesis. Protecting groups for amine and carboxy terminus. Protection and selective deprotection. Formation of the peptide bond with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). Peptide synthesis in liquid and solid phase (Merrifield). Secondary structure of proteins: alpha-helix, beta-sheet, beta-turn. Tertiary structure: fibrous and globular proteins. Quaternary structure: protein subunits.
Lipids. Fatty acids, triglycerides, oils and fats. Rancidity and hydrogenation. Cere. Soaps and saponification. Detergents. Phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins (outline).
Aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Acidity and basicity. Reactivity of furan, pyrrole, thiophene, indole and benzofuran. Electrophilic substitutions. Paal-Knorr synthesis of furan, pyrrole and thiophene. Fischer synthesis of indole. Pyridine and quinoline reactivity. Electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions. Chichibabin reaction. Hantzsch synthesis of pyridine and Friedländer synthesis of quinoline.
Nucleic acids. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Pyrimidine and purine bases: tautomerism, protonability.
Alkane. Alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclature. Conformational analysis in alkanes: ethane and butane. Newman projections. Conformational analysis in cycloalkanes: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane. Mono and disubstituted cyclohexanes. Cis-trans isomerism in cycloalkanes. Condensed cycloalkanes. Physical properties of alkanes. Radical reactions. What is a radical. Reactivity of alkanes: halogenation and oxidation. Alkanes preparation. Reduction of alkenes and alkynes and carbonyl compounds.
Stereochemistry. Introduction to chirality. Asymmetric objects and atoms. Chiral and achiral molecules. Enantiomers. Polarimetry. Specific rotation. Enantiomeric excess and optical purity. Assignment of the absolute configuration. C.I.P. convention (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog), system R, S. Rules for substituents priorities. Fischer projections. Molecules with more stereocenters: diastereomers. Meso-compounds. Chirality in substituted cycloalkanes. Racemes and resolution. Solvents reagents. Prochirality of sp2 and sp3 carbons. Chirality in atoms other than carbon. Non-symmetrical but not asymmetric molecules: C2 symmetry in allenes, spiranes and hindered biphenyls. Atropisomerism. Importance of the chirality in the biological world and in pharmacological active molecules.
Alkenes. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Cis-trans isomerism in alkenes. The E / Z system. Reactivity. Carbocations. Electrophilic addition to alkenes: generalities. Markovnikov rule. Addition of hydrogen halides. Carbocation rearrangement. Stereochemical aspects. Addition of halogens: the ion ion. Addition of halogens and hypohalides acids. Acid catalysed addition of water, oxymercuration/reduction and hydroboration/oxidation reactions. Regio- and stereo-chemical consequences. Catalytic reduction reactions of the double bond. Heats of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes. Oxidation reactions: oxidation and oxidative demolition. Stereochemical aspects. Preparation of alkenes by elimination reaction from alcohols, from alkyl halides and from quaternary ammonium salts. Zaitsev and Hofmann rules. Preparation for partial reduction of alkynes.
Acids and bases. Acids and bases according to Arrhenius. Acids and bases according to Brønsted-Lowry. Acid dissociation constants, pKa and strength of acids and bases. Positions of equilibrium in acid-base reactions. Molecular structure and acidity. Acids and bases according to Lewis. Factors that influence the acidity in organic molecules. Nucleophilicity and electrophilicity.
Alkynes. Nomenclature and physical properties. Acidity. Reactivity. Alkylation of acetylides. Electrophilic additions: addition of halogens, hydrogen halides, water and comparison of reactivity with alkenes. Reductions. Acetylene.
Conjugated dienes. Nomenclature and physical properties. Reactivity. Hydrogenation heat. Addition reactions 1,2 and 1,4. Addition of halogen halide and halogen acids. Factors influencing the distribution of products. The Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Stereo-and region-chemical aspects. Mechanism.
Aliphatic halogen compounds. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. Mechanisms SN1 and SN2, factors that influence the course and stereochemical aspects. E1 and E2 mechanisms, factors that influence the course and stereochemical aspects. Pseudohalides as alternative leaving groups. Competition between nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions E. Preparation of halogen compounds from alcohols.
Alcohols. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Classification. Acidity and basicity. Reactivity. Oxidation. Dehydration. Synthesis. Preparation by hydration of alkenes and by reduction of carbonyl compounds.
Organometallic compounds. Carbon-metal bond. Reactivity depending on the nature of the metals. Grignard and organo-lithium reagents. Basicity and nucleophilicity. Preparation of organometallic compounds. Reactions with aldehydes, ketones, esters, epoxides, carbon dioxide.
Ethers. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Synthesis. From dehydration of alcohols. Williamson reaction. Addition of alcohols to alkenes. Split with HX.
Epoxides. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Nucleophilic reactions in acid and basic environment. Stereochemical implications. Synthesis. Dehydrohalogenation of halohydrins and alkenes oxidation.
Sulfur compounds. Tiol and sulfides. Structure and physical properties. Nomenclature. Acidity. Oxidation reactions. Preparation. Notes on the chemistry of thioethers, disulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones and sulphonic acids.
Aldehydes and ketones. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic additions to the carbonyl: water, alcohols, ammonia and derivatives, thiols, cyanides. Reduction with hydrides. Wittig reaction. Oxidation. Deoxygenation to alkanes (Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, thioacetal hydrogenolysis). Synthesis. From Grignard and nitrile compounds, by partial reduction of carboxylic acids (and derivatives) with hydrides and by oxidation of alcohols. Important aldehydes and ketones: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone.
Carboxylic acids. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Acidity. Effect of substituents on acidity. Salts formation. Reactivity. Alcohol reduction. Preparation methods of carboxylic acids: oxidative, carbonation of organometallic reagents, hydrolysis of derivatives. Reactions to hydroxyl H: carboxylate as nucleophile, formation of methyl esters with diazomethane. Reactions to hydroxyl OH: nucleophilic acyl substitution. Formation of halides, anhydrides, esters and amides. Fischer esterification. Decarboxylation of beta-ketoacids. Esters of nitric and phosphoric acid.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids (acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides and nitriles). Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Nucleophilic acyl substitution: mechanism and applications. Hydrolysis. Transformations between the derivatives of carboxylic acids, allowed and not. Reduction. Lactones, lactams, imides and cyclic anhydrides: preparation and reactivity. Acidity of amides, sulfonamides and imides.
Amines. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Basicity and acidity. Reactivity. Alkylation and acylation. Quaternary ammonium salts. Elimination of Hofmann. Diazotization and reactions of diazonium ions of aliphatic amines. Synthesis. Gabriel synthesis. Reducing amination reactions. Hofmann rearrangement. Reduction of nitro compounds, nitriles, amides, azides.
Benzene and derivatives. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Reactivity. Hydrogenation heat. Electronic structure of benzene. Resonance of benzene and other important systems. Representations of benzene. Hückel's rule. Electrophilic aromatic substitution on benzene and monosubstituted derivatives. Nitration. Sulfonation. Halogenation. Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. Activating and deactivating substituents. Inductive and mesomeric effect. Orienting effects. SEAr on substituted benzenes: agonist and antagonist effects. Reduction of the aromatic ring. Oxidation in the benzyl position.
Aniline and Phenols. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Partial deactivation. Acidity and basicity of anilines and phenols. Arendiazonium salts: synthesis and use. Synthesis of phenolic ethers. Aromatic electrophilic substitution. Synthesis. Alkaline fusion. Preparation from diazonium salts.
Chemistry of enols and enolate ions. Formation of enols and enolates. Reactions via enol and via enolate. The role of the base. Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones via enol and enolate. Acid alogenation: the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. Direct alkylation of enolates. Stork reaction. Malonic synthesis. Acetacetic synthesis. Condensation reactions: Aldol condensation and dehydration. Intramolecular and mixed aldolic reactions. Knovenagel reaction. Claisen and Dieckmann condensation reactions. Mixed Claisen reaction. Mannich reaction.
Carbonyl compounds and α, β-unsaturated nitriles. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Addition conjugated reactions with nucleophiles. Michael's addition and its applications. Reactions with organometallic compounds. Robinson ringing. Reduction. Preparation with aldol type reactions.
Carbohydrates. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Classification and properties. Fischer projections. Monosaccharide structures: stereochemistry and configuration, cyclic structures. Mutarotation. Monosaccharide reactions: glycoside formation. Monosaccharide reactions: formation of ethers, esters and acetals. Selective hydrolysis. Oxidation reactions: formation of aldonic acids. Tollens, Fehling and Benedict tests. Reducing and non-reducing sugars. Oxidation reactions: formation of aldaric acids and oxidation with periodic acid. Reduction reactions: formation of alditols. Kiliani-Fischer synthesis. Ruff degradation. Test for glucose stereochemistry. Disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose. Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen and cellulose. Functionalized polysaccharides: ethers, acetates and nitric esters: celluloid and flash cotton.
Amino acids, peptides, proteins. Natural amino acids. Biological role, stereochemistry and classification. Acid-base properties, titration, isoelectric point. Electrophoresis. Reactivity of the amino and carboxylic group. Esterification and acylation reactions. Cysteine oxidation. Synthesis of amino acids: from -haloacids, malonic synthesis and Strecker synthesis. Resolution. Peptide synthesis. Protecting groups for amine and carboxy terminus. Protection and selective deprotection. Formation of the peptide bond with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). Peptide synthesis in liquid and solid phase (Merrifield). Secondary structure of proteins: alpha-helix, beta-sheet, beta-turn. Tertiary structure: fibrous and globular proteins. Quaternary structure: protein subunits.
Lipids. Fatty acids, triglycerides, oils and fats. Rancidity and hydrogenation. Cere. Soaps and saponification. Detergents. Phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins (outline).
Aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Acidity and basicity. Reactivity of furan, pyrrole, thiophene, indole and benzofuran. Electrophilic substitutions. Paal-Knorr synthesis of furan, pyrrole and thiophene. Fischer synthesis of indole. Pyridine and quinoline reactivity. Electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions. Chichibabin reaction. Hantzsch synthesis of pyridine and Friedländer synthesis of quinoline.
Nucleic acids. Structure and physical properties nomenclature. Pyrimidine and purine bases: tautomerism, protonability.
Prerequisites for admission
- Basic concepts of general chemistry and stoichiometry: atom, atomic number and mass number, atomic and molecular weight, mole and molar weight, structure of the atom, shells and atomic orbitals, rules for filling orbitals (Aufbau, Pauli, Hund), valence, electronic configuration, Lewis structures, octet rule, VSEPR theory, atomic and molecular orbitals, acids and bases (Arrhenius Broensted-Lowry and Lewis).
- Basic concepts of physical chemistry: chemical equilibrium, Keq, thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions, free energy, enthalpy, entropy.
- Basic concepts of physical chemistry: chemical equilibrium, Keq, thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions, free energy, enthalpy, entropy.
Teaching methods
- lectures in the classroom with check-points for learning assesment
- exercises on the blackboards
- online learning test (using the Exam Manager app) between one lesson and the next to monitor the learning level.
- exercises on the blackboards
- online learning test (using the Exam Manager app) between one lesson and the next to monitor the learning level.
Teaching Resources
Textbooks:
- Brown - Foote - Iverson, Organic Chemistry, EDISES
- Bruice, Organic Chemistry, EDISES
- McMurry, Organic Chemistry, PICCIN
- Botta, Organic Chemistry, EDI-ERMES
- Vollhardt, Organic Chemistry, ZANICHELLI
- Streitwieser - Heathcock, Introduction to Organic Chemistry, PICCIN
Workbooks:
- Iverson - Iverson, Guide to solving problems from organic chemistry by Brown, Iverson, Anslyn, Foote, EDISES
- D'Auria - Taglialatela Scafati - Zampella, Reasoned guide to carrying out organic chemistry exercises, LOGHIA
- Nicotra - Cipolla, Exercise Book of Organic Chemistry, EDISES
Digital material:
- Ariel website (http://gabbiatico.ariel.ctu.unimi.it) with: slides of the lectures, exercises, examination texts, videos, websites of interest, forum, self-evaluation test.
- App Exam Manager from EDISES publisher.
- Brown - Foote - Iverson, Organic Chemistry, EDISES
- Bruice, Organic Chemistry, EDISES
- McMurry, Organic Chemistry, PICCIN
- Botta, Organic Chemistry, EDI-ERMES
- Vollhardt, Organic Chemistry, ZANICHELLI
- Streitwieser - Heathcock, Introduction to Organic Chemistry, PICCIN
Workbooks:
- Iverson - Iverson, Guide to solving problems from organic chemistry by Brown, Iverson, Anslyn, Foote, EDISES
- D'Auria - Taglialatela Scafati - Zampella, Reasoned guide to carrying out organic chemistry exercises, LOGHIA
- Nicotra - Cipolla, Exercise Book of Organic Chemistry, EDISES
Digital material:
- Ariel website (http://gabbiatico.ariel.ctu.unimi.it) with: slides of the lectures, exercises, examination texts, videos, websites of interest, forum, self-evaluation test.
- App Exam Manager from EDISES publisher.
Assessment methods and Criteria
Written + oral examination, grades in thirtieth.
Written test: 10 exercises on the whole program to be performed in 2 hours. Maximum 3 points for each exercise.
Type of exercises: acidity/basicity/nucleophilic/relative reactivity scales; reactivity of functional groups; preparation of functional groups; stereochemistry; guided synthesis; reactivity/properties of aromatic compounds; carbohydrate reactions/synthesis/stereochemistry; synthesis/properties of amino acids or peptides; synthesis/reactivity of heterocycles; carbonyl condensation reaction; reaction mechanism.
Oral examination: to be admitted to the oral examination is mandatory the overcoming of the written test with a grading greater than 18/30. The interview mainly focuses on concepts and principles of organic chemistry. The oral examination is normally held within 15 days of the written test.
Written test: 10 exercises on the whole program to be performed in 2 hours. Maximum 3 points for each exercise.
Type of exercises: acidity/basicity/nucleophilic/relative reactivity scales; reactivity of functional groups; preparation of functional groups; stereochemistry; guided synthesis; reactivity/properties of aromatic compounds; carbohydrate reactions/synthesis/stereochemistry; synthesis/properties of amino acids or peptides; synthesis/reactivity of heterocycles; carbonyl condensation reaction; reaction mechanism.
Oral examination: to be admitted to the oral examination is mandatory the overcoming of the written test with a grading greater than 18/30. The interview mainly focuses on concepts and principles of organic chemistry. The oral examination is normally held within 15 days of the written test.
CHIM/06 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - University credits: 10
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 72 hours
Lessons: 72 hours
Professor:
Gaggero Nicoletta Teresa
Professor(s)
Reception:
on appointment
DiSFarm - Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", via Venezian, 21 - Edificio 5, corpo A, 2° piano, stanza 2044