Human Anatomy and General Biology
A.Y. 2022/2023
Learning objectives
The teaching of Human Anatomy and General Biology aims to provide students with an overall view of how the peculiarities and basic mechanisms present in eukaryotic cells contribute to the integration of the various cell types in the formation of the different tissues and organs present in the human body. The teaching program of the General Biology module has been designed to present students with the essential concepts for understanding the topics covered in the Human Anatomy module, and the combination of these two teachings provides students with useful and indispensable knowledge for to face and better understand the teachings they will face during the continuation of their training, particularly those of a biological nature, such as Biochemistry, Microbiology, Physiology, Pathology and others.
Expected learning outcomes
After following the teaching of Human Anatomy and General Biology, and having successfully passed the exam, students are expected to have developed the ability to apply the acquired knowledge to the working context in which they will be able to find themselves. The acquired knowledge will enable students to understand the effect of environmental pollutants not only on simple organisms but also on humans and the various organs that make up the human body. The critical view of the whole, acquired by the students, will allow them to critically evaluate the complex and reciprocal interaction that exists between the environment and the human body.
Lesson period: First semester
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course cannot be attended as a single course. Please check our list of single courses to find the ones available for enrolment.
Course syllabus and organization
Single session
Responsible
Lesson period
First semester
Prerequisites for admission
The teaching of General Biology takes place in the first half of the first year, so the basic knowledges of Chemistry and Biology acquired at the secondary school are sufficient. The teaching of Human Anatomy requires the knowledge acquired with the teaching of General Biology.
Assessment methods and Criteria
Written and oral examination with an evaluation expressed in thirtieths. The student will be questioned on: 1) General Biology: oral examination on the structure and function of procariotic and eukaryotic cells ( animal and vegetal); 2)
Human Anatomy: written exam, with a duration of ninety minutes, four questions with open-ended answers. The questions will cover basic principles of histology and general concepts of Systematic and Functional Anatomy.
Human anatomy: an hour to answer, in a written way, three questions concerning the basic principles of histology and the general notions of systematic and functional Anatomy.
Overall, preparation will be assessed in all the topics covered during the examination, including the ability to associate with each other the various control mechanisms and correlations between the various processes and systems studied.
Human Anatomy: written exam, with a duration of ninety minutes, four questions with open-ended answers. The questions will cover basic principles of histology and general concepts of Systematic and Functional Anatomy.
Human anatomy: an hour to answer, in a written way, three questions concerning the basic principles of histology and the general notions of systematic and functional Anatomy.
Overall, preparation will be assessed in all the topics covered during the examination, including the ability to associate with each other the various control mechanisms and correlations between the various processes and systems studied.
General Biology
Course syllabus
Biodiversity and the origin of life. The division into Kingdoms: Bacteria, Archaeans, Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals. Atoms and chemical bonds. Organic components of the cell - Biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins) - Cell metabolism, enzymes and biological reactions. Energy and Metabolism. Flow of matter and energy through living organisms. Chemio-autotrophic organisms, photo-autotrophic and Heterotrophic. . An overview of bioenergetics and metabolic compartmentalization. Glycolysis. Mitochondria, structure and functions, aerobic respiration. Composition, structure and role of the membranes. Selective plasma membrane permeability: osmosis, simple and facilitated diffusion, active transport. The internal membrane system. Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi Apparatus. Endocytosis and exocytosis. Lysosomes. Peroxisomes. The nucleus. Structure of the nuclear envelope and the nuclear pores. DNA as hereditary material. Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes and genes. DNA replication. Transcription and maturation of RNA. Structure of the ribosome. Protein synthesis.. The genetic code. Sorting of proteins in cell compartments. Vesicular traffic. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Structure and functions of the cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. The cellular movement. The muscle cell. Extracellular matrix. Cellular adhesion. Cell junctions. Cellular surface and intercellular communication. Membrane and intracellular receptors. Receptor response mechanisms and signal transduction pathways. The cell cycle. Control of the cell cycle.The reproduction of cells and organisms. Mitosis. Apoptosis. Uncontrolled cell proliferation: cancer. Sexual reproduction: meiosis. Gametogenesis, fertilization, early stages of development in animals. The Mendelian model. The inheritance of characters in sexual reproductive organisms. Chromosomal basis of inheritance. Elements of plant biology. Peculiarities of plant cells. The cell wall and the vacuole. Structure and functions of plastids. Chloroplasts and photosynthesis. Plants C3, C4 and CAM. Darwinian concept of evolution. Natural and artificial selection. Methods of cell study. Theoretical-practical aspects of cell cultures. Principles of optical and fluorescence microscopy.
Teaching methods
Frontal lessons in classroom with the support of slides. The slides are available to students in the homepage of the teacher at Ariel website (http://users.unimi.it/ariel)
Teaching Resources
Solomon E.P., Martin C.E., Martin D.W., Berg L.R, Elementi di Biologia, EdiSES, 8a edizione, 2021.
Sadava D., Hillis D. M., Heller HC, Berenbaum M. R., Biologia ( Vol. 1 La cellula, Vol. 2 L'ereditarietà e il genoma, Vol. 3 L'evoluzione e la biodiversità), Zanichelli, 4a edizione, 2014
Alberts B., L'essenziale di biologia molecolare della cellula, Zanichelli , 5a edizione,, 2020
Sadava D., Hillis D. M., Heller HC, Berenbaum M. R., Biologia ( Vol. 1 La cellula, Vol. 2 L'ereditarietà e il genoma, Vol. 3 L'evoluzione e la biodiversità), Zanichelli, 4a edizione, 2014
Alberts B., L'essenziale di biologia molecolare della cellula, Zanichelli , 5a edizione,, 2020
Human Anatomy
Course syllabus
Programma (inglese)
GENERAL ANATOMY: General principles of human anatomy. Hollow and full organs.
HISTOLOGY: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues.
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: skin, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, nails.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: blood, heart, blood vessels.
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas.
THE URINARY SYSTEM: kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: anatomy of the male reproductive system, anatomy of the female reproductive system.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: spinal cord and spinal nerves, encephalon and cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM.
GENERAL ANATOMY: General principles of human anatomy. Hollow and full organs.
HISTOLOGY: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues.
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: skin, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, nails.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: blood, heart, blood vessels.
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas.
THE URINARY SYSTEM: kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: anatomy of the male reproductive system, anatomy of the female reproductive system.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: spinal cord and spinal nerves, encephalon and cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM.
Teaching methods
Frontal lessons in classroom with the support of Power Point slides. The slides are available to students at the teacher's Ariel site (http://users.unimi.it/ariel).
Teaching Resources
Kenneth S. Saladin. Anatomia Umana, Terza edizione italiana sulla sesta in lingua inglese. Piccin.
General Biology
BIO/13 - EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY - University credits: 8
Lessons: 64 hours
Professor:
Moretti Roberta Manuela
Human Anatomy
BIO/16 - HUMAN ANATOMY - University credits: 4
Lessons: 32 hours
Professor:
Busnelli Marco
Professor(s)