Anatomy (2nd year)

Splanchnology
- Systematic study of all viscera in the following ways:
1) General morphology and organoleptic characteristics
2) Situation, orientation, position and relationships, means of fixation and relative projections
3) Structure
4) Ultrastructure of:
- pulmonary alveolus (pneumocytes and air-blood barrier)
- nephron (renal corpuscle and blood-brain barrier)
- liver (hepatocyte, bile capillary, Disse space)
- epithelium lining the small intestine (enterocytes and microvilli)
5) Vascularization
6) Innervation
7) Morpho-functional references
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- Definition and organic composition.
Mouth: vestibule; lips; cheeks; gums, teeth: number: general morphology characters
and structure; dentition; mouth cavity: walls; tongue.
Greater salivary glands; Parotid lodge
Isthmus of the jaws
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Extra hepatic biliary tract
Pancreas
Peritoneum: division of the peritoneal cavity; transverse mesocolon; overmedicated space;
small epiploon; great epiploon; splenic lodge; backwardness of the epiploons; underscore space;
months of the underscore space; pelvic floor; structure.
Development of the digestive system: outline
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Definition and organic composition.
External nose
Nasal and paranasal cavities
Larynx
Trachea and bronchi
Lung
pleure
Development of the respiratory system: outline
URINARY SYSTEM
- Definition and organic composition
Kidney
Goblets and renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Male urethra
Female urethra
Urinary tract development: outline.
MALE GENITAL APPARATUS
- Definition and organic composition
testis
Straight tubules and testis mesh
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Spermatic funicule
Ejaculator duct
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
External genitals: outline
Development of the male genital system: outline
FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM
- Definition and organic composition
Ovary
Uterine tuba
Uterus
Vagina
External genitals: outline
Development of the female genital system: outline
PERINEUM
- Definition; pelvic diaphragm; sphincter anus muscle; urogenital diaphragm.
ENDOCRINE APPARATUS
- Definition and organic composition
Pituitary gland
Epiphysis
Thyroid
parathyroid
Pancreatic islets
Adrenal glands
paraganglia
Widespread endocrine system
NERVOUS APPARATUS
Definition and decomposition into parts.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuron theory. The nervous circuits.
Morphology and general organization of the central nervous system. Vascularization of the neurasse.
Main stages in the development of the central nervous system.
Spinal Cord: Morphology, situation, relationships; roots; vertebro-medullary topography; neuromeri;
fixation means.
Internal conformation of the spinal cord; vascularization; structure and organization of
gray substance; organization of white matter.
Encephalon: Breakdown into parts, location, reports; encephalic nerves: nomenclature and emergency.
Brain stem: Breakdown into parts, external morphology and relationships; internal configuration;
nomenclature and location of the trunk's own nuclei, of the reticular formation and of the nos. of
brain nerves; white substance.
Cerebellum: Cerebellar peduncles, division into lobes; external morphology, internal configuration;
fissures; territories; intrinsic nuclei (site); structure of bark and architecture.
Lamina quadrigemina: Morphology, location, reports and main links. Area and nuclei
pretectal.
Diencephalon: Morphology, site, limits and division into parts; Subtalamo: nuclei and white matter;
Hypothalamus: nuclei; Epitalamo: components; Talamo: Morphology, location, nuclei; Metatalamo: bodies
geniculate.
Telencephalon: external morphology; fissures: central of Rolando, lateral of Silvio, parietooccipitale,
calcarine, limbic; subdivision in lobes; telencephalon nuclei: nomenclature, morphology
and headquarters; white matter organization; internal capsule (limits, division into parts, contained in fibers
of the individual parts); corpus callosum (morphology, site, fiber organization); fornix, septum
pellucid; telencephalic cortex: cytotectonics and myelotectonics; cortical areas.
Limbic system: Definition and location of the components.
Vascularization of the brain
Ventricular cavity of the brain: general device, IV ventricle, mesencephalic aqueduct of
Silvio, III ventricle, lateral ventricles.
Meninges: Spinal meninges and encephalic meninges; canvases and choroid plexuses; cerebrospinal fluid.
ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neurons afferents: general somatic sensitivity pathways; optical pathways; acoustic pathways; streets
vestibular; taste routes; olfactory pathways.
Effector systems (motors) and efferent control devices: descending ways of motion; systems
sub-cortical effectors: telencephalic nuclei of the base; efferent control systems: the cerebellum;
organization of the axial control device: interneurons, specific muscle receptors and i
their spinal reflex arcs.
Brain stem: nuclei of oculomotor nerves; the regulation of eye movements; nuclei of the
trigeminal nerve; nuclei of the facial nerve proper and intermediate; nerve nuclei
statoacustico; nuclei of glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves (mixed nerves); nerve nuclei
hypoglossal; reticular formation of the brainstem; black substance; red core; complex
olive oil lower; the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
Vegetative nervous system: Pathways of visceral sensitivity; hypothalamus; limbic system:
organization and connections.
Telencephalic cortex: connections of the telencephalic cortex; thalamus-cortical connections;
functional considerations.
Chemical organization of the central nervous system: cholinergic systems; systems
monoamine; systems that use amino acids as neurotransmitters; neuropeptides
modulators.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nerve: definition, structure, fiber content; mode of termination of the motor fibers;
termination mode of the sensitive fibers; receptors (definition, construction methods and
classification; cutaneous receptors and sensory skin innervation; muscle receptors: fused
neuromuscular and muscle-tendon organs of Golgi; receptor gloms: definition; glomus
carotid; gustatory receptors: type and distribution; olfactory receptors: type and location); ganglia:
(definition, types, functional meaning).
Spinal nerves: definition, constitution, site, course, spinal nerve branching (radiculus and
anterior and posterior roots); metameria (dermatomers and myomers); posterior spinal nerve branches:
territory of distribution.
Anterior branches of the spinal nerves:
- cervical plexus: collaterals (distribution area); phrenic nerve (origin, course, territory
distribution);
- brachial plexus: training methods, location and reports; collateral branches (territory of
distribution); origin, course and territory of distribution of the terminal branches (radial, muscle
cutaneous, median, ulnar).
- intercostal nerves
- lumbar plexus: training method and location; collateral (territory of distribution); course and
territory of distribution of terminal branches (obturator, femoral).
- sacral plexus: training methods and venue; collateral (territory of distribution); course and
territory of distribution of the ischial, tibial, common peroniere, superficial peroniere,
deep peroniere.
- plexus plexus: generality; collateral and n. pudendo (territory of distribution)
Brain nerves: fiber content, course and area of ​​distribution of all encephalic nerves and
of their main branches: value and site of the ganglion attached to the encephalic nerves.
Sympathetic system: General organization; neurassial centers; peripheral organs: preganglion fiber
(origin, course, termination), postganglion fiber (origin, course, termination, structure);
metasimpatico; orthosympathetic: chain of the paravertebral sympathetic (site, composition,
subdivision into sections, connections); prevertebral or preaortic ganglia (site); parasympathetic.
Sympathetic: cervical segment of the chain (main branches); thoracic segment (plexuses
prevertebral: pl. aortic, pl. cardiac, pl. pulmonary; n. splanchnic); lumbar segment (plexus
prevertebral: pl. celiac, pl. hypogastric); pelvic segment (prevertebral plexus: pl.pelvico).
Innervation: language; iris; gh. salivary and gh. lacrimal; heart; bladder; gh. adrenal; skin; groundwork
anatomical aspects of vasomotor regulation.
Apparatus of sight: eyeball: general conformation; fibrous frock: sclera, cornea;
vascular habit: coroidea, ciliary body, iris; nervous habit: retina (cones and rods, macula e
fovea); n. optical (papilla); dioptric system; orbital cavity, musc. extrinsic of the eyeball;
conjunctiva; tear ducts.
Ear system: external ear: components; middle ear: tympanic cavity, membrane
of the eardrum, chain of ossicles, auditory tube; inner ear: bone and membranous labyrinth
(components and general device); semicircular canals (general morphology and orientation),
vestibular receptors; cochlear duct (general morphology), organ of Corti and receptors.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Generality. Skin: subdivision in layers and structure; skin appendages: nomenclature and characteristics
General; breast; vascularization and innervation of the skin.