Anatomia generale e oculare
A.Y. 2025/2026
Learning objectives
The Integrated Course in General and Ocular Anatomy aims to provide students with a solid morpho-functional knowledge of the main organs and systems of the human body, with an in-depth focus on the visual system and the nervous structures involved in visual function, eye movements, and balance. The course also provides basic histological knowledge applicable to the understanding of physiology and pathophysiology of ocular and nervous tissues.
The overall goal is to build an integrated anatomical and histological foundation essential for orthoptic practice and for the clinical and instrumental interpretation of ophthalmologic and neuro-ophthalmologic disorders.
The overall goal is to build an integrated anatomical and histological foundation essential for orthoptic practice and for the clinical and instrumental interpretation of ophthalmologic and neuro-ophthalmologic disorders.
Expected learning outcomes
By the end of the integrated course, students will be able to:
Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the main human body systems.
Understand the anatomy and functional organization of the central and peripheral nervous system, with a focus on structures involved in visual function and balance.
Recognize the anatomy and functional organization of the visual system, orbit, ocular adnexa, and central visual pathways.
Understand the main morphological and functional aspects of epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues, with specific applications to the visual system.
Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the main human body systems.
Understand the anatomy and functional organization of the central and peripheral nervous system, with a focus on structures involved in visual function and balance.
Recognize the anatomy and functional organization of the visual system, orbit, ocular adnexa, and central visual pathways.
Understand the main morphological and functional aspects of epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues, with specific applications to the visual system.
Lesson period: First semester
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course can be attended as a single course.
Course syllabus and organization
Single session
Responsible
Prerequisites for admission
Basic knowledge of cell biology.
Assessment methods and Criteria
Written test; each question has five answers, among which only one is true.
Anatomia umana generale e SNC
Course syllabus
TOPICS OF GENERAL ANATOMY
CONSTRUCTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE HUMAN BODY
- Body scheme
- Anatomical terminology
- General information on body spaces: connective, serous, neural
- Definition of tissue, organ, system, apparatus
- Hollow and parenchymatous organs
LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS
- General information on bones, joints, muscles
- Axial and appendicular skeleton
- Joints of the human body
- General information on head, trunk and limb muscles
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Central nervous system:
- spinal cord
- encephalon: brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon
- meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
- main routes and connections
- Peripheral nervous system:
- cranial nerves, spinal nerves and plexuses: generality and innervation territory
- sympathetic nervous system: general organization
- parasympathetic nervous system: general organization
- Specific sensitivity apparatus: general organization
ENDOCRINE APPARATUS
- Pituitary gland
- Epiphysis
- Thyroid and parathyroid glands
- Adrenal gland
CIRCULATORY APPARATUS
General organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation with particular regard to the vascularisation of the head. Description of the superficial venous circulation.
LYMPHATIC CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- General information on the lymphatic circulatory system
- Thyme
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Tonsils
- Sap
DIGESTIVE APPARATUS
- Oral cavity: teeth, tongue, salivary glands
- Pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine
- Liver and biliary tract
- Pancreas
- Peritoneum
RESPIRATORY APPARATUS
- Upper airways
- Lower airways
- Lungs and pleurae
URINARY APPARATUS
- Kidneys
- Urinary tract
MALE GENITAL APPARATUS
- Testicles
- Spermatic ways: epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct
- Glands attached to the spermatic tract: seminal vesicles, bulbous-urethral glands, prostate
FEMALE GENITAL APPARATUS
- Ovaries
- Genital tract: uterus, fallopian tubes
SPECIFIC ANATOMY TOPICS
- Anatomical basis of head movements
- Orbital cavity
- Eye protective apparatus
- Eyeball
- Motor apparatus of the eye
- Vascularization and innervation of the eye
- Optical pathways and nerve pathways for reflex activities
CONSTRUCTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE HUMAN BODY
- Body scheme
- Anatomical terminology
- General information on body spaces: connective, serous, neural
- Definition of tissue, organ, system, apparatus
- Hollow and parenchymatous organs
LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS
- General information on bones, joints, muscles
- Axial and appendicular skeleton
- Joints of the human body
- General information on head, trunk and limb muscles
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Central nervous system:
- spinal cord
- encephalon: brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon
- meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
- main routes and connections
- Peripheral nervous system:
- cranial nerves, spinal nerves and plexuses: generality and innervation territory
- sympathetic nervous system: general organization
- parasympathetic nervous system: general organization
- Specific sensitivity apparatus: general organization
ENDOCRINE APPARATUS
- Pituitary gland
- Epiphysis
- Thyroid and parathyroid glands
- Adrenal gland
CIRCULATORY APPARATUS
General organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation with particular regard to the vascularisation of the head. Description of the superficial venous circulation.
LYMPHATIC CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- General information on the lymphatic circulatory system
- Thyme
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Tonsils
- Sap
DIGESTIVE APPARATUS
- Oral cavity: teeth, tongue, salivary glands
- Pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine
- Liver and biliary tract
- Pancreas
- Peritoneum
RESPIRATORY APPARATUS
- Upper airways
- Lower airways
- Lungs and pleurae
URINARY APPARATUS
- Kidneys
- Urinary tract
MALE GENITAL APPARATUS
- Testicles
- Spermatic ways: epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct
- Glands attached to the spermatic tract: seminal vesicles, bulbous-urethral glands, prostate
FEMALE GENITAL APPARATUS
- Ovaries
- Genital tract: uterus, fallopian tubes
SPECIFIC ANATOMY TOPICS
- Anatomical basis of head movements
- Orbital cavity
- Eye protective apparatus
- Eyeball
- Motor apparatus of the eye
- Vascularization and innervation of the eye
- Optical pathways and nerve pathways for reflex activities
Teaching methods
Frontal lessons
Teaching Resources
Martini et al Anatomia umana, VII ed. 2019, EdiSES
Thibodeau,Patton Anatomia umana, I ed. 2020, EDRA
Saladin Anatomia umana, V ed. 2017, Piccin
Thibodeau,Patton Anatomia umana, I ed. 2020, EDRA
Saladin Anatomia umana, V ed. 2017, Piccin
Istologia
Course syllabus
- Concept of tissue: definition. Classification criteria and general characteristics of the main chapters of tissues.
- Epithelial tissue: definition, organization, functions and classification.
- Covering ad lining epithelium: definition, main functions and criteria of classification. Morpho-functional polarity of the epithelial cell. Basal membrane. Intercellular junctions: structure and ultrastructure.
- Glandular epithelia: definition, function and criteria of classification. Morphological, architectural and functional characteristics of the glands. Exocrine and endocrine glands.
- Sensory epithelia: definition.
- Particularly differentiated epithelia: definition
- Connective tissue: definition, organization and functions, morphological and functional criteria of classification.
- Connective tissues proper: classification, functions and locations.
- Adipose tissue: morphology, functions and locations.
- Special connective tissues: morphology and classification. Cartilage tissue and bone tissue.
- Blood: definition and composition. Plasma and blood cells.
- Muscle tissue: definition, organization, classification criteria, locations and functions.
- Nervous tissue: definition and organization mode. Neurons: morphological and functional classification criteria. Structure and ultrastructure of the neuron. Myelin sheath: definition, formation, structure and ultrastructure. Glia: definition and function. Morphological and functional characteristics of the different types of gliocytes. Neuromuscular junction: morphology, structure, ultrastructure and function. Motor unit: definition and constitution.
- Epithelial tissue: definition, organization, functions and classification.
- Covering ad lining epithelium: definition, main functions and criteria of classification. Morpho-functional polarity of the epithelial cell. Basal membrane. Intercellular junctions: structure and ultrastructure.
- Glandular epithelia: definition, function and criteria of classification. Morphological, architectural and functional characteristics of the glands. Exocrine and endocrine glands.
- Sensory epithelia: definition.
- Particularly differentiated epithelia: definition
- Connective tissue: definition, organization and functions, morphological and functional criteria of classification.
- Connective tissues proper: classification, functions and locations.
- Adipose tissue: morphology, functions and locations.
- Special connective tissues: morphology and classification. Cartilage tissue and bone tissue.
- Blood: definition and composition. Plasma and blood cells.
- Muscle tissue: definition, organization, classification criteria, locations and functions.
- Nervous tissue: definition and organization mode. Neurons: morphological and functional classification criteria. Structure and ultrastructure of the neuron. Myelin sheath: definition, formation, structure and ultrastructure. Glia: definition and function. Morphological and functional characteristics of the different types of gliocytes. Neuromuscular junction: morphology, structure, ultrastructure and function. Motor unit: definition and constitution.
Teaching methods
Lectures will be based on ex-cathedra PowerPoint presentations made available to the students on the Ariel website of the course.
Teaching Resources
Dalle Donne et al. Istologia con elementi di anatomia microscopica, 2019, Edises
Anatomia oculare
Course syllabus
- The visual system
- Orbit and adnexa
- The eye: layers, intraocular chambers, anterior segment, lens, posterior segment
- Optic nerve, tract and radiations
- Orbit and adnexa
- The eye: layers, intraocular chambers, anterior segment, lens, posterior segment
- Optic nerve, tract and radiations
Teaching methods
Lectures will be based on ex-cathedra PowerPoint presentations made available to the students on the Ariel website of the course.
Teaching Resources
Martini et al Anatomia umana, VII ed. 2019, EdiSES
Thibodeau,Patton Anatomia umana, I ed. 2020, EDRA
Saladin Anatomia umana, V ed. 2017, Piccin
Educational material uploaded on Ariel
Thibodeau,Patton Anatomia umana, I ed. 2020, EDRA
Saladin Anatomia umana, V ed. 2017, Piccin
Educational material uploaded on Ariel
Modules or teaching units
Anatomia oculare
MED/30 - OPHTHALMOLOGY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 10 hours
Professor:
Villani Edoardo
Anatomia umana generale e SNC
BIO/16 - HUMAN ANATOMY - University credits: 2
Lessons: 20 hours
Professor:
Stacchiotti Alessandra
Istologia
BIO/17 - HISTOLOGY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 10 hours
Professor:
Bignotto Monica
Professor(s)
Reception:
Appointment by e mail
Via Mangiagalli 31, SciBis