Russian 2
A.Y. 2025/2026
Learning objectives
The course aims to provide knowledge of the structure and functioning of the Russian verbal category. The analysis of the verb will be deepened also thanks to the study of the prefixes, highlighting both their semantic and grammatical influence on the verb itself. The course also aims to examine the main derivational processes that characterize the Russian lexical system.
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding: the category of the verb in relation to the perfect and imperfective aspect; the imperative mode, the verbs of motion (with and without prefix) and the passive, participial and gerundive constructions; the category of the indefinite pronouns; the adjectives of short form; the relative, objective and final sentences. Applying knowledge and understanding: use of acquired structures in practice; reading and understanding of intermediate level texts, production of short texts; recognition within texts of the structures of the Russian verbal category and explanation of their functioning; recognition within texts of vocabulary-derivatives, identification of their root and brief explanation of the derivational process that led to their formation. The developed linguistic skills will correspond to the level A2 of the official standard established by the Council of Europe for the knowledge of foreign languages.
Lesson period: year
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course can be attended as a single course.
Course syllabus and organization
Single session
Responsible
Lesson period
year
Course syllabus
The course is entitled 'The verb and other morphosyntactic categories of the Russian language' and lasts 60 hours. It allocates 9 CFU credits. It is not possible to acquire only six credits. For this reason, students must follow the complete programme, which is valid until the end of September 2027.
The course has a MyAriel website, which should be consulted for all materials and official communications: Course: Russian Language 2 (LT) (academic year 2025/26) | myAriel
The course is the intermediate part of a three-year, unified and coherent programme that aims to provide students with an overall picture of the morphology and syntax of simple and complex sentences in Russian. It is designed to achieve a level of communication competence equivalent to level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. All the knowledge and skills acquired in the previous year contribute to forming the skills necessary to tackle the content presented in subsequent years successfully.
The course is divided into three parts, which will be covered sequentially. Part A:
· The verbal aspect: imperfective and perfective; temporal meanings. Formation of verbal aspects: influence of prefixes in the formation of the perfective to indicate the completeness of action, changes of state or action, beginning of action, temporal limitation, singularity of action; the suffixes -ыва-, -ива-, -ва-, -а-, -я- for the formation of imperfective verbs.
· Semantic action of prefixes (po, pere, pro, do, na, pri, ot, za) on some basic verbs.
· The imperative: formation and use. Meanings of the imperfective and perfective imperative.
Form смотри не + perfective imperative to express a warning or caution. Formation of the imperative: with давай! followed by the imperfective infinitive or the first-person plural of the perfective.
· Using the imperfective aspect in the infinitive after verbs indicating an action's beginning, duration and end. Perfective and imperfective in the infinitive after expressions indicating necessity, possibility and opportunity. The imperfective after the verbs 'to love, to like, to get used to, to get tired, to learn'; the perfective after the perfective verbs 'to forget, to do in time, to succeed, to be able, to be capable'. Use of verbal aspects in the infinitive with negation. Peculiarities in the use of aspects.
Part B:
· Main transitive and intransitive verbs of motion without prefixes: идти-ходить, ехать-ездить, бежать-бегать, лететь-летать, плыть-плавать; нести-носить, вести-водить, везти-возить. Use and conjugation.
· Figurative use of verbs of motion without prefixes.
· Aspectual pairs and conjugation of the main verbs of motion with prefixes. Meanings of the prefixes при-/у-, в-/вы-, под-/от-, пере-, до-, за-, про-, об-, раз-сь/с-сь.
· Gerund. Verbal and adverbial characteristics of the gerund. Formation and use of imperfective and perfective gerunds. Syntactic synonymy: gerundive constructions and temporal, causal, concessive and conditional subordinate clauses.
· Active and passive participles. Verbal and adjectival characteristics of the participle. Formation and use of the active participle (present and past). Formation and use of the passive participle (present and past).
Part C:
· Position verbs.
· Full and short forms of qualifying adjectives: formation and function in the sentence.
· Degrees of adjectives: the comparative of qualifying adjectives and the second term of comparison. Formation of the comparative of equality. The superlative degree of qualifying adjectives. Relative superlatives and absolute superlatives.
· Pronouns: indefinite pronouns: formation and use. Invariable particles -to, -nibud', -libo, koe -.
Relative clauses introduced by kotoryj.
Warnings
The final version of the syllabus will be available on the course's MyAriel website. All students are required to consult it before taking the exam.
The syllabus for non-attending students is unchanged from that for attending students. Non-attending students should contact the lecturer as soon as possible to clarify doubts about the syllabus and exam procedures.
Russian-speaking students who wish to do so may replace the bibliography in Italian with materials in Russian. In this case, they are requested to contact the lecturer as soon as possible to arrange a replacement bibliography.
International or Erasmus incoming students are required to contact the course lecturer as soon as possible.
Alternative assessment methods for SEN and disabled students will have to be arranged with the course lecturer and the University Disability Office.
The course has a MyAriel website, which should be consulted for all materials and official communications: Course: Russian Language 2 (LT) (academic year 2025/26) | myAriel
The course is the intermediate part of a three-year, unified and coherent programme that aims to provide students with an overall picture of the morphology and syntax of simple and complex sentences in Russian. It is designed to achieve a level of communication competence equivalent to level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. All the knowledge and skills acquired in the previous year contribute to forming the skills necessary to tackle the content presented in subsequent years successfully.
The course is divided into three parts, which will be covered sequentially. Part A:
· The verbal aspect: imperfective and perfective; temporal meanings. Formation of verbal aspects: influence of prefixes in the formation of the perfective to indicate the completeness of action, changes of state or action, beginning of action, temporal limitation, singularity of action; the suffixes -ыва-, -ива-, -ва-, -а-, -я- for the formation of imperfective verbs.
· Semantic action of prefixes (po, pere, pro, do, na, pri, ot, za) on some basic verbs.
· The imperative: formation and use. Meanings of the imperfective and perfective imperative.
Form смотри не + perfective imperative to express a warning or caution. Formation of the imperative: with давай! followed by the imperfective infinitive or the first-person plural of the perfective.
· Using the imperfective aspect in the infinitive after verbs indicating an action's beginning, duration and end. Perfective and imperfective in the infinitive after expressions indicating necessity, possibility and opportunity. The imperfective after the verbs 'to love, to like, to get used to, to get tired, to learn'; the perfective after the perfective verbs 'to forget, to do in time, to succeed, to be able, to be capable'. Use of verbal aspects in the infinitive with negation. Peculiarities in the use of aspects.
Part B:
· Main transitive and intransitive verbs of motion without prefixes: идти-ходить, ехать-ездить, бежать-бегать, лететь-летать, плыть-плавать; нести-носить, вести-водить, везти-возить. Use and conjugation.
· Figurative use of verbs of motion without prefixes.
· Aspectual pairs and conjugation of the main verbs of motion with prefixes. Meanings of the prefixes при-/у-, в-/вы-, под-/от-, пере-, до-, за-, про-, об-, раз-сь/с-сь.
· Gerund. Verbal and adverbial characteristics of the gerund. Formation and use of imperfective and perfective gerunds. Syntactic synonymy: gerundive constructions and temporal, causal, concessive and conditional subordinate clauses.
· Active and passive participles. Verbal and adjectival characteristics of the participle. Formation and use of the active participle (present and past). Formation and use of the passive participle (present and past).
Part C:
· Position verbs.
· Full and short forms of qualifying adjectives: formation and function in the sentence.
· Degrees of adjectives: the comparative of qualifying adjectives and the second term of comparison. Formation of the comparative of equality. The superlative degree of qualifying adjectives. Relative superlatives and absolute superlatives.
· Pronouns: indefinite pronouns: formation and use. Invariable particles -to, -nibud', -libo, koe -.
Relative clauses introduced by kotoryj.
Warnings
The final version of the syllabus will be available on the course's MyAriel website. All students are required to consult it before taking the exam.
The syllabus for non-attending students is unchanged from that for attending students. Non-attending students should contact the lecturer as soon as possible to clarify doubts about the syllabus and exam procedures.
Russian-speaking students who wish to do so may replace the bibliography in Italian with materials in Russian. In this case, they are requested to contact the lecturer as soon as possible to arrange a replacement bibliography.
International or Erasmus incoming students are required to contact the course lecturer as soon as possible.
Alternative assessment methods for SEN and disabled students will have to be arranged with the course lecturer and the University Disability Office.
Prerequisites for admission
Lectures are delivered in Italian and partially in Russian. The teaching and learning materials require an A1 level of proficiency.
Russian Language 1 and Russian Literature 1 are prerequisites for Russian Language 2. Students who have not passed the Russian Language 1 and Russian Literature 1 exams cannot take any of the Russian Language 2 assessments.
Russian Language 1 and Russian Literature 1 are prerequisites for Russian Language 2. Students who have not passed the Russian Language 1 and Russian Literature 1 exams cannot take any of the Russian Language 2 assessments.
Teaching methods
The course adopts the following teaching methods: lectures, exercises and tasks, reading, and text analysis.
Topics will be addressed theoretically, supported by examples, and analysed within texts. Multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blanks, sentence transformation, translation, and production tasks will be offered.
The course will be held in Italian with some parts in Russian.
In addition, the course is supplemented by practical language classes, for which please refer to the appropriate page: Linguistic exercises - Russian language | University of Milan State University.
Topics will be addressed theoretically, supported by examples, and analysed within texts. Multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blanks, sentence transformation, translation, and production tasks will be offered.
The course will be held in Italian with some parts in Russian.
In addition, the course is supplemented by practical language classes, for which please refer to the appropriate page: Linguistic exercises - Russian language | University of Milan State University.
Teaching Resources
Lectures (Corso monografico)
1. All uploaded materials on the MyAriel website.
2. E. Cadorin, I. Kukushkina, Verbo e sintassi russa in pratica. Milano, Hoepli, 2007.
3. N. Nikitina, Grammatica d'uso della lingua russa. Teoria ed esercizi. Livello A2. Milano, Hoepli, 2018.
4. F. Fici Giusti, L. Gebert, S. Signorini, "Il sintagma verbale. La questione dell'aspetto":" in La lingua russa. Storia, struttura, tipologia. Roma, La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 1991, pp. 237-294.
5. V. Kovalev, Il Kovalev. Dizionario russo-italiano, italiano-russo. Bologna, Zanichelli, 2020.
Practical language classes (please refer to the webpage: Esercitazioni linguistiche - lingua russa | Università degli Studi di Milano Statale)
1. F. Legittimo, D. Magnati, Davajte! Comunicare in russo 2: corso di lingua e cultura russa. Hoepli, Milano, 2020.
2. All uploaded materials on the MyAriel website.
1. All uploaded materials on the MyAriel website.
2. E. Cadorin, I. Kukushkina, Verbo e sintassi russa in pratica. Milano, Hoepli, 2007.
3. N. Nikitina, Grammatica d'uso della lingua russa. Teoria ed esercizi. Livello A2. Milano, Hoepli, 2018.
4. F. Fici Giusti, L. Gebert, S. Signorini, "Il sintagma verbale. La questione dell'aspetto":" in La lingua russa. Storia, struttura, tipologia. Roma, La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 1991, pp. 237-294.
5. V. Kovalev, Il Kovalev. Dizionario russo-italiano, italiano-russo. Bologna, Zanichelli, 2020.
Practical language classes (please refer to the webpage: Esercitazioni linguistiche - lingua russa | Università degli Studi di Milano Statale)
1. F. Legittimo, D. Magnati, Davajte! Comunicare in russo 2: corso di lingua e cultura russa. Hoepli, Milano, 2020.
2. All uploaded materials on the MyAriel website.
Assessment methods and Criteria
The lecturer will assess the following:
- Grammatical and lexical knowledge.
- Written production.
- Oral production.
The exam consists of a written test and an oral test. Both tests will be graded from 18/30 (pass) to 30/30 (excellent). The final grade is the average of the two assessments. The final grade can only be recorded when students have passed both the written and oral tests.
Please note that you cannot take any Russian Language 2 exams if the Russian Language 1 and Russian Literature 1 exams have not been recorded.
Written test
Students can take the written test starting from May 2025 and the oral test from June 2025. The written test is not preparatory to the oral test; it is possible to take the oral test before the written test. A pass must be achieved in all parts for the written test to be passed. The written test will be evaluated according to the following criteria: accuracy of morphology and syntax, lexis, cohesion, and coherence.
The written exam will be made up as follows:
1. Grammar test with multiple-choice questions, cloze, sentence transformation, and theoretical questions.
2. Sentences translation from Italian into Russian without a dictionary.
3. Text comprehension (8-10 multiple-choice questions + 1 open-ended question).
4. Composition (15-20 sentences) on one of the topics covered during the practical language classes.
Students actively participating in at least 80% of the Lectures and the Practical Language Classes may have access to two mid-term assessments instead of the final written test (mid-term assessments take place at the end of the first and second semesters). In this case, the grade in the written test is given by the average of the mid-term assessments. To take the second mid-term assessment, it is necessary:
To attend at least 80% of the second semester's lectures and practical language classes.
To pass the first mid-term assessment.
If failing one of the two partial assessments, students must sit the final written test during the official sessions (May, September, January). The grade for the mid-term assessments may be refused; in this case, students will take the final written test during the official sessions.
The first mid-term assessment will be made up as follows:
1. Grammar test with multiple-choice questions, cloze, sentence transformation, and theoretical questions.
2. Sentences translation from Italian into Russian without a dictionary.
3. Text comprehension (8-10 multiple-choice questions + 1 open-ended question).
The second mid-term assessment will be made up as follows:
1. Grammar test with multiple-choice questions, cloze, sentence transformation, and theoretical questions.
2. Sentences translation from Italian into Russian without a dictionary.
3. Composition (15-20 sentences) on one of the topics covered during the practical language classes.
Oral exam
The oral test assesses the student's theoretical knowledge and communication skills relating to the topics covered during the lectures and practical language classes. All materials published in MyAriel and indicated in the bibliography may be examined. The oral exam will consist of the following:
1. Conversation in Russian on a topic covered during the exercises. Students must demonstrate their ability to describe places and people, recount events and express opinions using the vocabulary and morphosyntactic structures studied in the course.
2. Assignment assessment. Students must work independently on some texts assigned at the beginning of the year. The evaluation, entirely in Russian, will consist of:
- Summary of a text. The lecturer will choose from among those assigned.
- Reading of an extract chosen by the teacher: Students must prove that they can read fluently and correctly place accents. Severe reading difficulties will result in failure.
- Translation into Italian.
- Morphological analysis on the example of the work done in class and theoretical questions relating to the topics studied during the course and the compulsory bibliographical materials.
3. Description of an image depicting an everyday situation: Students will demonstrate their ability to describe people, things, and actions using the lexical and grammatical content learned during the course.
Oral continuous assessment
Students who attend at least 80% of the practical language classes may replace only point 1 above (conversation test) with an oral continuous assessment that will take place throughout the semesters. During the practical language classes, students must actively participate in classroom conversations and prepare and present homework assigned by the teacher. The work in the classroom and at home will be constantly assessed with a grade (fail, pass, fair, good, excellent), contributing to determining the final exam grade.
Students will be notified of the continuous oral assessment at the end of the semester. It may be refused; in this case, the student must take the conversation test (point 1) according to the procedures outlined in the following paragraph. In the event of an "unsatisfactory" oral continuous assessment, students will take the conversation test according to the procedures outlined in the following paragraph.
Students who have not received their oral assessment during the course will be required to take the conversation test with the native speaker teacher (point 1) according to a schedule that will be communicated at the beginning of the course. To take this test, students must register at least one week before the scheduled date by emailing the course lecturer ([email protected]) and specifying the day (as indicated by the lecturer) and the course for which they intend to take the exam. In case of withdrawal, students must notify the lecturer at least 24 hours in advance.
The conversation test can only be taken in the same session as the oral test for the monographic course. If the monographic part of the exam is not passed in the same session, the conversation part must also be retaken.
All students will take points 2 and 3 in the regular exam sessions (June-July, September and January-February).
- Grammatical and lexical knowledge.
- Written production.
- Oral production.
The exam consists of a written test and an oral test. Both tests will be graded from 18/30 (pass) to 30/30 (excellent). The final grade is the average of the two assessments. The final grade can only be recorded when students have passed both the written and oral tests.
Please note that you cannot take any Russian Language 2 exams if the Russian Language 1 and Russian Literature 1 exams have not been recorded.
Written test
Students can take the written test starting from May 2025 and the oral test from June 2025. The written test is not preparatory to the oral test; it is possible to take the oral test before the written test. A pass must be achieved in all parts for the written test to be passed. The written test will be evaluated according to the following criteria: accuracy of morphology and syntax, lexis, cohesion, and coherence.
The written exam will be made up as follows:
1. Grammar test with multiple-choice questions, cloze, sentence transformation, and theoretical questions.
2. Sentences translation from Italian into Russian without a dictionary.
3. Text comprehension (8-10 multiple-choice questions + 1 open-ended question).
4. Composition (15-20 sentences) on one of the topics covered during the practical language classes.
Students actively participating in at least 80% of the Lectures and the Practical Language Classes may have access to two mid-term assessments instead of the final written test (mid-term assessments take place at the end of the first and second semesters). In this case, the grade in the written test is given by the average of the mid-term assessments. To take the second mid-term assessment, it is necessary:
To attend at least 80% of the second semester's lectures and practical language classes.
To pass the first mid-term assessment.
If failing one of the two partial assessments, students must sit the final written test during the official sessions (May, September, January). The grade for the mid-term assessments may be refused; in this case, students will take the final written test during the official sessions.
The first mid-term assessment will be made up as follows:
1. Grammar test with multiple-choice questions, cloze, sentence transformation, and theoretical questions.
2. Sentences translation from Italian into Russian without a dictionary.
3. Text comprehension (8-10 multiple-choice questions + 1 open-ended question).
The second mid-term assessment will be made up as follows:
1. Grammar test with multiple-choice questions, cloze, sentence transformation, and theoretical questions.
2. Sentences translation from Italian into Russian without a dictionary.
3. Composition (15-20 sentences) on one of the topics covered during the practical language classes.
Oral exam
The oral test assesses the student's theoretical knowledge and communication skills relating to the topics covered during the lectures and practical language classes. All materials published in MyAriel and indicated in the bibliography may be examined. The oral exam will consist of the following:
1. Conversation in Russian on a topic covered during the exercises. Students must demonstrate their ability to describe places and people, recount events and express opinions using the vocabulary and morphosyntactic structures studied in the course.
2. Assignment assessment. Students must work independently on some texts assigned at the beginning of the year. The evaluation, entirely in Russian, will consist of:
- Summary of a text. The lecturer will choose from among those assigned.
- Reading of an extract chosen by the teacher: Students must prove that they can read fluently and correctly place accents. Severe reading difficulties will result in failure.
- Translation into Italian.
- Morphological analysis on the example of the work done in class and theoretical questions relating to the topics studied during the course and the compulsory bibliographical materials.
3. Description of an image depicting an everyday situation: Students will demonstrate their ability to describe people, things, and actions using the lexical and grammatical content learned during the course.
Oral continuous assessment
Students who attend at least 80% of the practical language classes may replace only point 1 above (conversation test) with an oral continuous assessment that will take place throughout the semesters. During the practical language classes, students must actively participate in classroom conversations and prepare and present homework assigned by the teacher. The work in the classroom and at home will be constantly assessed with a grade (fail, pass, fair, good, excellent), contributing to determining the final exam grade.
Students will be notified of the continuous oral assessment at the end of the semester. It may be refused; in this case, the student must take the conversation test (point 1) according to the procedures outlined in the following paragraph. In the event of an "unsatisfactory" oral continuous assessment, students will take the conversation test according to the procedures outlined in the following paragraph.
Students who have not received their oral assessment during the course will be required to take the conversation test with the native speaker teacher (point 1) according to a schedule that will be communicated at the beginning of the course. To take this test, students must register at least one week before the scheduled date by emailing the course lecturer ([email protected]) and specifying the day (as indicated by the lecturer) and the course for which they intend to take the exam. In case of withdrawal, students must notify the lecturer at least 24 hours in advance.
The conversation test can only be taken in the same session as the oral test for the monographic course. If the monographic part of the exam is not passed in the same session, the conversation part must also be retaken.
All students will take points 2 and 3 in the regular exam sessions (June-July, September and January-February).
Professor(s)