Physics, Statistics and Radioprotection

Preliminary tools ∙ Fundamental and derived quantities, International System ∙ Multiples and submultiples, scientific notation and significant figures ∙ Estimates of orders of magnitude ∙ Scalar and vector quantities ∙ Vector operations Mechanics ∙ Uniform straigth motion, uniformly accelerated motion ∙ Principles of dynamics ∙ Forces: gravitational, weight, constraint reaction, friction, elastic ∙ Motion on an inclined plane, 2D motion ∙ Work of a force ∙ Kinetic energy theorem ∙ Conservative forces, potential energy ∙ Conservation of mechanical energy ∙ Dissipative forces ∙ Types of deformation ∙ Stress-strain curves, Young modulus ∙ States of matter Fluids ∙ Pressure ∙ Stevin's law ∙ Archimedes force ∙ Flow rate ∙ Hydrodynamic focusing (flow cytometry) ∙ Bernoulli's theorem ∙ Viscosity ∙ Poiseuille's equation ∙ Viscous friction and terminal velocity ∙ Centrifugation, electrophoresis ∙ Termodynamics ∙ Ideal gas ∙ Absolute temperature ∙ Equation of state for perfect gases ∙ Working principle and calibration of a micropipette ∙ Osmotic pressure ∙ Real gases ∙ Principles of thermodynamics ∙ Latent and specific heat ∙ Conduction, convection and irradiation ∙ Human metabolism Elettromagnetism and optics ∙ Electric charge ∙ Coulomb's force and electric field ∙ Electric potential ∙ Conducting and insulating materials ∙ Electric current ∙ Electric resistance ∙ Joule effect ∙ Magnetic field ∙ Propagation of electromagnetic waves ∙ Wavelength and frequency ∙ Absorbance and DNA/protein dosage ∙ Fluorescence ∙ Light scattering ∙ Flow citometry ∙ Geometric optics: reflection and refraction ∙ Refractive index ∙ Dispersion ∙ Optical biosensors ∙ Lenses and image formation ∙ Resolution limit in an optical system ∙ Optical microscope

Reliability of a measure ∙ Reliability and its components ∙ Systematic error and casual error Variability ∙ Between-subjects and within-subjects variability Descriptive statistics ∙ Graphs ∙ Location, scale, and shape of a frequency distribution ∙ Measures of location and scale ∙ Accuracy and precision of a measure ∙ Quantiles and reference limits ∙ Correlation and Kappa statistic Gaussian model ∙ Probability of events on the population within the Gaussian model ∙ How to model the error with a Gaussian model Inference ∙ Sampling variability ∙ Population and sample ∙ Estimate of a population parameter with sampling quantities Sampling distribution ∙ The central limit theorem and the distribution of a sampling quantity ∙ Standard error Confidence interval ∙ Definition and meaning ∙ Formulas Hypothesis testing ∙ First type and second type errors and power of a test ∙ Sample size calculation ∙ Clinical statistics and clinical relevance ∙ Hypothesis testing on a population mean Deterministic and probabilistic models ∙ Deterministic and probabilistic models: differences ∙ Simple linear regression model: interpretation and parameters ∙ Hypothesis testing on the parameters of a simple linear regression model

Physical Principles of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy ∙ Structure of the atom ∙ Classification of nuclides ∙ Definition of radiation ∙ Electromagnetic radiation ∙ Wavelength and frequency ∙ Photons ∙ The electromagnetic spectrum ∙ X-rays and gamma rays ∙ Particulate radiation ∙ Ionizing radiation ∙ Characteristic X-rays ∙ Bremsstrahlung X-rays ∙ Production of X-rays in diagnostic imaging ∙ Nuclear stability and radioactivity ∙ Radioactive decay ∙ The law of radioactive decay ∙ Mean life and half-life ∙ Activity ∙ Alpha, beta−, beta+, and gamma decay ∙ Electron capture decay ∙ Interaction of different types of radiation with matter ∙ Interaction of charged alpha and beta particles ∙ Collisions ∙ Energy loss by deceleration (stopping power) ∙ Interaction of alpha particles ∙ Bragg curve ∙ Interaction of beta particles ∙ Positron-matter interaction: annihilation ∙ Interaction of beta particles ∙ Photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production ∙ Attenuation of X-ray and gamma-ray beams ∙ Law of attenuation ∙ Radiation detection systems ∙ Equivalent dose to an organ ∙ Effective whole-body dose ∙ Radiation Protection in Healthcare ∙ ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) ∙ Principle of justification ∙ Optimization process ∙ Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) ∙ Equipment ∙ Acceptance criteria for equipment ∙ Protection during pregnancy and breastfeeding ∙ Dose communication ∙ Purpose of radiation protection ∙ Dose limits for members of the public ∙ Worker classification criteria ∙ Category A and Category B exposed workers ∙ Dose limits for occupationally exposed workers ∙ Physical and medical surveillance ∙ Area classification ∙ Internal and external exposure ∙ Sources of risk in radiological activities ∙ Personal protective equipment (PPE) ∙ Safety in radiological practice ∙ Radiobiology ∙ Physical, chemical, and biological phases of radiation action ∙ Radiation protection regulations in medical imaging ∙ Study of the action and effects of ionizing radiation on biological structures ∙ Experimental techniques in radiobiology ∙ Sequence of radiobiologically relevant events ∙ Radiation-induced cellular damage ∙ Diagnostic Imaging Techniques ∙