Elements of Human Anatomy, Pharmacology and Immunology

Basics of Human Anatomy
- Organization of the human body. Classification and anatomical organization of organs. Apparatuses or systems: definition and overview of their composition, organization and function.
- Anatomic terminology.
- Membranes and cavities of the human body.
- Anatomical planes and sections; main techniques of diagnostic imaging.
- The cardiovascular system: general organization and functions; pulmonary and systemic circulation. Morphology and structure of the heart; superficial and internal anatomy of the heart; heart valves; intrinsic conduction system. Blood vessels classification and structure. Coronary circulation; systemic arterial and venous circulation; vascularization of the head, neck and encephalon (or brain).
- The lymphatic system: functions and components. Lymph and lymphatic vessels. Morpho-functional characteristics of lymphatic, hematopoietic and hemocatheretic organs.
- The nervous system: anatomical and functional organization. Central nervous system: encephalon; spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system: anatomical and functional organization; sensory and motor components; SNS, ANS, ENS. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves. ANS or vegetative nervous system: functional components and anatomical subdivision.
- The endocrine system: overview; comparison between the endocrine system and the nervous system. Morpho-functional characteristics of endocrine glands.


Basics of Pharmacology
The pathway of a drug from entering the body to its exit will be illustrated (Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) in relation to its characteristics and those of the subjects assuming them (pharmacogenetics). Concept of dose-response, therapeutic index, descriptive pharmacokinetics.
The main knowledges on drugs mechanisms of action (pharmacodynamics), possible targets and drug-drug interactions are explained.
The rational choice of drug use in specific diseases will be discussed as an example.


Basics of Immunology
Introduction to the immune system: immune cells, lymphoid tissue, cytokines.
Innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity and inflammation, the complement system. Elements of innate immunity. Phagocytes, complement system, barriers.
Cell mediated immune response. The development of T and B lymphocytes. Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes. Antigen recognition by T and B lymphocytes. T and B cell receptors. The development of lymphocyte repertoire. Major histocompatibility complex, functional role and diversity.
The structure of antibodies. Diversity in the humoral immune response.
Mechanism of action of antibodies.


Reference Material
Saladin, Anatomia Umana, Ed. Piccin, 2011
McKinley, O'Loughlin, Anatomia umana, Ed. Piccin, 2014
Martini, Timmons, Tallitsch, Anatomia Umana, EdiSES 2004
Ambrosi et al., Anatomia dell'Uomo, edi-ermes, 2008
Rang, Farmacologia
Panerai, Farmacologia generale, Raffaello Cortina editore
AK Abbas e AH Lichtman, Le basi dell'immunologia. EDRA editori, 2017.


Examination procedures
Oral and/or written. Examination procedures of each teaching module will be described in detail during the first lesson of each teaching module. Further details if needed will be given during the course or published on the website of online education of individual teachers.


Teaching Methods
Traditional


Language of instruction
Italian


Recommended Prerequisites
Cytology and histology, general and animal physiology, biochemistry.


Program information
Program information and pdf copies of slides projected in class will be available on the website of online education of individual teachers.


WEB pages
BASICS OF HUMAN ANATOMY: http://idalledonneeaalmod.ariel.ctu.unimi.it/v3/home/Default.aspx
BASICS OF PHARMACOLOGY: http://apaneraif.ariel.ctu.unimi.it/
BASICS OF IMMUNOLOGY: http://users.unimi.it/minucci/didattica.htm

Basics of Human Anatomy
- Organization of the human body. Classification and anatomical organization of organs. Apparatuses or systems: definition and overview of their composition, organization and function.
- Anatomic terminology.
- Membranes and cavities of the human body.
- Anatomical planes and sections; main techniques of diagnostic imaging.
- The cardiovascular system: general organization and functions; pulmonary and systemic circulation. Morphology and structure of the heart; superficial and internal anatomy of the heart; heart valves; intrinsic conduction system. Blood vessels classification and structure. Coronary circulation; systemic arterial and venous circulation; vascularization of the head, neck and encephalon (or brain).
- The lymphatic system: functions and components. Lymph and lymphatic vessels. Morpho-functional characteristics of lymphatic, hematopoietic and hemocatheretic organs.
- The nervous system: anatomical and functional organization. Central nervous system: encephalon; spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system: anatomical and functional organization; sensory and motor components; SNS, ANS, ENS. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves. ANS or vegetative nervous system: functional components and anatomical subdivision.
- The endocrine system: overview; comparison between the endocrine system and the nervous system. Morpho-functional characteristics of endocrine glands.


Basics of Pharmacology
The pathway of a drug from entering the body to its exit will be illustrated (Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) in relation to its characteristics and those of the subjects assuming them (pharmacogenetics). Concept of dose-response, therapeutic index, descriptive pharmacokinetics.
The main knowledges on drugs mechanisms of action (pharmacodynamics), possible targets and drug-drug interactions are explained.
The rational choice of drug use in specific diseases will be discussed as an example.


Basics of Immunology
Introduction to the immune system: the cells, the lymphoid tissue, the cytokines.
Innate and acquired immunity. Elements of innate immunity. Phagocytes, complement system, barriers.
Cell mediated immune response. The development of T and B lymphocytes. Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes. Antigen recognition by T and B lymphocytes. T and B cell receptors. The development of lymphocyte repertoire. Major histocompatibility complex, functional role and diversity.
The structure of antibodies. Diversity in the humoral immune response.
Mechanism of action of the antibodies. The complement system. Autoimmunity. Tumor and immunity: a brief description.



Reference Material
Saladin, Anatomia Umana, Ed. Piccin, 2011
McKinley, O'Loughlin, Anatomia umana, Ed. Piccin, 2014
Martini, Timmons, Tallitsch, Anatomia Umana, EdiSES 2004
Ambrosi et al., Anatomia dell'Uomo, edi-ermes, 2008
Rang, Farmacologia
Panerai, Farmacologia generale, Raffaello Cortina editore
AK Abbas e AH Lichtman, Fondamenti di immunologia, Masson Elsevier 2006


Examination procedures
Oral and/or written. Examination procedures of each teaching module will be described in detail during the first lesson of each teaching module. Further details if needed will be given during the course or published on the website of online education of individual teachers.


Teaching Methods
Traditional


Language of instruction
Italian


Recommended Prerequisites
Cytology and histology, general and animal physiology, biochemistry.


Program information
Program information and pdf copies of slides projected in class will be available on the website of online education of individual teachers.


WEB pages
BASICS OF HUMAN ANATOMY: Teacher's Ariel site
BASICS OF PHARMACOLOGY: Teacher's Ariel site
BASICS OF IMMUNOLOGY: Teacher's Ariel site