Microbiology

OVERVIEW ON MICROORGANISMS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA
THE BACTERIAL CELL
∙ Dimensions, shape and grouping
∙ Architecture of the prokaryotic cell
THE CONCEPT OF SPECIES IN BACTERIOLOGY AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION AND SPORE PRODUCTION
BACTERIAL METABOLISM
∙ Metabolic processes that generate energy (fermentation, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration)
∙ The macromolecular syntheses in particular, the synthesis of peptidoglycan
MICROBIAL GROWTH
∙ Chemical requirements necessary for growth
∙ Physical requirements that condition growth
THE PATHOGENICITY OF BACTERIA
∙ The mechanism of the pathogenic action of bacteria
∙ The toxins production
BACTERIAL GENETICS
∙ Gene structure and function
. Bacterial genetic heritage
∙ Bacterial mutations
∙ Intercellular transfer of genetic material: transformation, transduction, lysogenic conversion, conjugation
DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION
CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA
∙ Culture media
∙ Bacterial growth in liquid media: the growth curve of a bacterial population
∙ Continuous bacterial culture
∙ Bacterial growth in solid media
∙ Techniques for bacterial isolation
∙ Storage of isolated bacteria
∙ Laboratory methods for the measurement of bacterial growth
ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
∙ Chemotherapic agents
∙ Antibiotics
∙ Antimicrobial resistance
IMMUNITY IN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
∙ Nonspecific immunity
∙ Antigens and antibodies
∙ The immune response (humoral and cell-mediated immunity)
∙ The in vitro antigen-antibody interaction and serological reactions
∙ Immunity from vaccination
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF BACTERIA
∙ Fresh examination
∙ Examination of preparations by fixation and staining
∙ Gram staining
∙ Ziehl-Neelsen staining
∙ Ink staining
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF BACTERIAL DISEASES
∙ Bacteriological test
. Determination of the bacteria sensitivity to the action of antibiotics and chemotherapics
. Serological tests
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES
ANIMAL VIRUSES:
. Chemical composition and structure
CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA
VIRUS-HOST INTERACTION:
∙ Phases of the viral cycle
CULTIVATION AND TITRATION OF VIRUSES
∙ Cell cultures
∙ Identification of viral multiplication in cell cultures
∙ Titration of viruses
PATHOGENIC ACTION OF VIRUSES
THE ANTIVIRAL DEFENSES OF THE ORGANISM NOT DEPENDENT ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE-INTERFERON PRODUCTION
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VIROLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS
∙ Demonstration of the presence of viruses in the organism
∙ Demonstration of a specific immune movement
∙ Antiviral drugs and immune prophylaxis
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MYCETES
∙ Structure of the fungal cell
∙ Fungal metabolism
∙ Reproduction method: sexual and asexual reproduction
∙ Classification of mycetes
∙ Ecology of pathogenic fungi and their geographical distribution
∙ Pathogenesis of mycoses
∙ Mechanism of the pathogenic action
∙ Opportunistic and primitive mycosis
∙ Diagnostic approach of mycosis
∙ Antifungal drugs
∙ MICETES OF MEDICAL INTEREST
∙ Yeast-like fungi
∙ Dermatophytes
∙ Aspergillus
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PARASITES (PROTOZOI AND METAZOI)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIONS

THE LABORATORY MEDICINE
∙ The analysis laboratory
∙ The microbiology laboratory
∙ Fundamentals, objectives and aims
BACTERIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
∙ Factors that influence microbiological growth
∙ Method of microorganisms treatment and their culture
∙ Biological sample sowing techniques
∙ Culture media (classification, type and use)
∙ Staining of microorganism from agar or broth, and from biological samples
∙ Simple biochemistry test (catalase, oxidase, coagulase ...) during sample processing
THE MICOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
∙ Factors that condition mycological growth
∙ Microorganisms treatment method and their culture
∙ Sowing techniques
∙ Culture media (classification, type and use)
∙ Staining techniques
VIROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
∙ Identification tests
∙ General principles of microbiological diagnostics
∙ Serological tests