Organic Chemistry 2 and Organic Chemistry Laboratory

1 - Aromatic compounds. Chemistry of benzene and naphtalene, aromaticity, mechanisms of electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution, activating, deactivating and orienting effects of substituting groups. Understanding of main reactions of synthetic value. Some classes of compounds will be developed taking into account their specific importance.
2 - Chemistry of sulfur containing compounds
3- Enols, enolates, enamines, electron-poor alkenes, quinones: kinetics and thermodynamics of enolization processes, formation and stability of enolates and enamines; synthetic applications of aldol condensation reactions, Claisen condensation reactions, alkylation processes. Theory and use of the reactivity of eletron-poor alkenes.
4 - Heterocyclic compounds. A general picture of the reactivity of several important heterocyclic rings will be given to the student taking into account those essential for his career. Main synthetic pathways will be explained.
5 - Amino acids and peptides: properties of amino acids, their synthesis, protecting groups and principles of peptide synthesis.
6 - Exercises. Theoretical and practical problems will be proposed to the student and solved by direct free discussion.
Laboratory course:

Practical experiences are preceded by the theoretical explanations.
- Basic operations of the Organic Chemistry laboratory: a) Crystallization b) Fractional distillation c) Column chromatography d) Extraction and separation - Examples of preparation of simple compounds with typical techniques and reactions: a) Reduction b) Oxidation c) Nitration d) Diazocopulation e) Aldol and / or Claisen condensation f) Esterification and / or hydrolysis g) Acylation.
All operations and syntheses are followed and controlled with more appropriate routine analytical techniques (TLC, gas chromatography, etc.).
All the products obtained will undergo adequate purification and characterization processes.

Unità didattica: Chimica Organica 2'.
1- Aromatic compounds. Chemistry of benzene and naphthalene, aromaticity and substituent effects. Mechanisms of electrophilic substitution (halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation) and nucleophilic substitution (SnAr, benzyne intermediate). Diazonium salts: synthesis and reactivity. Some classes of compounds will be studied in detail according to their particular importance.
2- Sulfur compounds
3- Enol and enolate chemistry, enamines: termodinamic and kinetic aspects of enolization, enolate and enamines formation and stabilization; synthetic application of base and acid catalyzed aldol reactions, Claisen and Dieckmann condensations. Alkylations, acetoacetic and malonic reactions. Mannich, Henry, Knoevenagel, Wittig reactions and Robinson annulation. Theoretical aspects and reactivity of electron-poor alkenes.
4- Heterocyclic compounds and their nomenclature. A general overview on the reactivity of the most important 5-member (pyrrole, thiophene, furan, oxazole, imidazole, thiazole, isoxazole) and 6-member (pyridine and quinoline) heterocyclic nucleus and their syntheses.
5- Amino acids and peptides: chemical-physical properties and synthesis of amino acids; protecting groups and peptide synthesis.
6- Some lessons will concern theoretical and practical problems and solved by direct free discussion.