Analytical Chemistry
A.Y. 2021/2022
Learning objectives
The course has the goal to provide the students the general bases of Analytical Chemistry enabling
them to operate within a laboratory of analytical chemistry. The course aims to introduce students to the understanding of equilibria in solution and of the main methods of analysis both from a theoretical point of view and from a more applicative point of view. The course also aims to make students able to acquire the critical ability in underestimating the accuracy and precision of experimental data through statistical methods, the ability to solve analytical problems related to complex equilibria in solution and quantitative analysis of compounds. The course also includes a single-seat laboratory teaching unit in which exercises will be carried out aimed at acquiring the notions that allow a correct conduct of a chemical analysis, including the elementary safety rules relating to handling and disposal and chemical products. The laboratory exercises are aimed at learning the basic knowledge of volumetric analysis (titration).
them to operate within a laboratory of analytical chemistry. The course aims to introduce students to the understanding of equilibria in solution and of the main methods of analysis both from a theoretical point of view and from a more applicative point of view. The course also aims to make students able to acquire the critical ability in underestimating the accuracy and precision of experimental data through statistical methods, the ability to solve analytical problems related to complex equilibria in solution and quantitative analysis of compounds. The course also includes a single-seat laboratory teaching unit in which exercises will be carried out aimed at acquiring the notions that allow a correct conduct of a chemical analysis, including the elementary safety rules relating to handling and disposal and chemical products. The laboratory exercises are aimed at learning the basic knowledge of volumetric analysis (titration).
Expected learning outcomes
At the end of the course the student acquires the notions of analytical chemistry necessary for: knowledge of the procedures for processing and evaluating experimental data; the knowledge of the main complex chemical equilibria in solution and the ability to independently solve simple analytical problems ranging from sampling, to sample treatment, up to the type of analytical method chosen (among those studied) for the quantification of the analytes, taking into account the uncertainty of measurement, the ability to use the specific language of analytical chemistry to describe and comment on an analytical method and report the result correctly and without ambiguity. The attendance of the laboratory will allow the student to be able to perform standard laboratory procedures for the recognition and quantification of simple analytical species.
Lesson period: Second semester
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course cannot be attended as a single course. Please check our list of single courses to find the ones available for enrolment.
Course syllabus and organization
Single session
Responsible
Lesson period
Second semester
The Course teaching activities will be subject to the health safety requirements for the containment of the Covid-19 epidemic, as required by the ministerial indications and by the regulations and by the Rectoral and/or Academic Senate circulars, as well as by specific departmental indications.
Course syllabus
THEORY MODULE
Part 1 Propedaeutic concepts Analytical Chemistry: definition, history, significance. Analytical methods. Sequence of steps in a typical quantitative analysis. Sampling. Elements of theory of errors applied to analytical chemistry; criteria for data treatment and statistical tests. Concentration scales, ionic strength, activities, activity coefficients. Recalling fundamental thermodynamic parameters of chemical and electrochemical systems and processes. Chemical potentials, standard states, equilibrium constants. Galvanic chains, Nernst law, electrochemical cells and ion-reversible electrodes, electrode potential scale.
Part 2 Equilibria in solution and volumetric analysis. Titration methods: definitions and classification. Redox equlibria and related titrations; precipitation equlibria and related titrations; acid/base equilibria (including pH calculations and speciation diagrams) and related titrations; complexation equilibria and related titrations (in particular, with EDTA). In all cases examples of prediction/interpretation of titration diagrams for model systems.
Part 3 Electroanalysis. Fundamentals, instrumentation and procedure details, and applicative examples, concerning four important electroanalytical techniques. Conductimetry (direct measurements, conductimetric titrations). Potentiometry (reference electrodes, liquid junction potentials, salt bridges; membrane potentials, ion-selective electrodes, p-Ionometry and particularly pH-metry; potentiometric titrations), Voltammetry (cyclic voltammetry, polarography, pulsed techniques, stripping techniques for trace analysis). Amperometry (amperometric titrations with three or two electrodes; trace water by Karl Fischer method; dissolved oxygen by Clark method). Biosensors and electronic tongues/noses (hints).
LABORATORY MODULE
Elaboration of analytical data in spreadsheet mode.
Basic guidelines/instructions for operating in analytical laboratory and carrying out the proposed experimental protocol.
Management of volumetric gear, burette/pipette/rubber bulb, flask/pipette calibration
Titrations with indicator: acid/base (HCl with NaOH, acetic acid in vinegar), complexation (total water hardness with EDTA), redox (iodometric determination of ascorbic acid).
Electroanalytical protocols of conductimetry, potentiometry (in particular, pH-metry) and amperometry
Part 1 Propedaeutic concepts Analytical Chemistry: definition, history, significance. Analytical methods. Sequence of steps in a typical quantitative analysis. Sampling. Elements of theory of errors applied to analytical chemistry; criteria for data treatment and statistical tests. Concentration scales, ionic strength, activities, activity coefficients. Recalling fundamental thermodynamic parameters of chemical and electrochemical systems and processes. Chemical potentials, standard states, equilibrium constants. Galvanic chains, Nernst law, electrochemical cells and ion-reversible electrodes, electrode potential scale.
Part 2 Equilibria in solution and volumetric analysis. Titration methods: definitions and classification. Redox equlibria and related titrations; precipitation equlibria and related titrations; acid/base equilibria (including pH calculations and speciation diagrams) and related titrations; complexation equilibria and related titrations (in particular, with EDTA). In all cases examples of prediction/interpretation of titration diagrams for model systems.
Part 3 Electroanalysis. Fundamentals, instrumentation and procedure details, and applicative examples, concerning four important electroanalytical techniques. Conductimetry (direct measurements, conductimetric titrations). Potentiometry (reference electrodes, liquid junction potentials, salt bridges; membrane potentials, ion-selective electrodes, p-Ionometry and particularly pH-metry; potentiometric titrations), Voltammetry (cyclic voltammetry, polarography, pulsed techniques, stripping techniques for trace analysis). Amperometry (amperometric titrations with three or two electrodes; trace water by Karl Fischer method; dissolved oxygen by Clark method). Biosensors and electronic tongues/noses (hints).
LABORATORY MODULE
Elaboration of analytical data in spreadsheet mode.
Basic guidelines/instructions for operating in analytical laboratory and carrying out the proposed experimental protocol.
Management of volumetric gear, burette/pipette/rubber bulb, flask/pipette calibration
Titrations with indicator: acid/base (HCl with NaOH, acetic acid in vinegar), complexation (total water hardness with EDTA), redox (iodometric determination of ascorbic acid).
Electroanalytical protocols of conductimetry, potentiometry (in particular, pH-metry) and amperometry
Prerequisites for admission
Fundamentals of mathematics, general chemistry and stoichiometry.
Teaching methods
Theory module: Classroom lessons and exercises
Laboratory module: Classroom lessons/exercises and laboratory experiments
Laboratory module: Classroom lessons/exercises and laboratory experiments
Teaching Resources
Recommended text: Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, (or corresponding Italian edition).
Pdf files of ppt slides employed by the instructor are made available on the course Ariel website.
Further text of general scope: Daniel C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis (or corresponding Italian edition).
For those interested in further progress in the mathematical description of acid/base equilibria and corresponding titration curves: Robert De Levie Aqueous Acid-Base Equilibria and Titrations, Oxford Chemistry Primers.
Pdf files of ppt slides employed by the instructor are made available on the course Ariel website.
Further text of general scope: Daniel C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis (or corresponding Italian edition).
For those interested in further progress in the mathematical description of acid/base equilibria and corresponding titration curves: Robert De Levie Aqueous Acid-Base Equilibria and Titrations, Oxford Chemistry Primers.
Assessment methods and Criteria
Written examination (globally 3 hours), including open-answer questions of variable length as well as brief exercises and problems on the subjects treated. It consists of a first part (2 hours) concerning the theory module followed after a short interval by a seconda part (1 hour) concerning the laboratory module. The global evaluation is assigned considering the sum of the points earned in the first part (maximum 22) and in the second part (maximum 10). To pass the examination it is in any case required to have earned at least 13 in the first part and at least 5 in second part. A top global mark of 30 cum laude requires both excellent outcome in the theory part and full marks in the laboratory one.
CHIM/01 - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - University credits: 8
Practicals: 16 hours
Single bench laboratory practical: 32 hours
Lessons: 40 hours
Single bench laboratory practical: 32 hours
Lessons: 40 hours
Professor(s)
Reception:
By appointment
Department of Chemistry, via Golgi 19 - Milano
Reception:
From Monday to Friday, between 8.30 and 18.30, by appointment (to be requested by email))
In my office (Chemistry Department, West Wing, First Floor), or on the Teams platform in videoconference mode.