Veterinary General Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry
A.Y. 2022/2023
Learning objectives
To provide knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms responsible of the pathologic changes detectable in domestic and wild animals. Students will be also educated to select appropriate clinical biochemistry and molecular biology methods and to elaborate, interpret and understand the limitation of the test results.
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding: the student will acquire knowledge on the etiopathogenesis of the main pathological and pathophysiological changes in animal tissues and organ systems and on the analytical techniques commonly used in veterinary clinical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student will acquire skills to interpret the most common pathological and pathophysiological changes and the associated laboratory abnormalities, as well as to select the most appropriate biochemical and molecular methods to measure diagnostic markers of disease in biological samples of animal origin. The student will learn how to process an instrumental reading into the concentration of a diagnostic molecular marker, and on how to interpret the diagnostic value of a laboratory result, how to control the source of error of laboratory's tests and the principle of quality insurance.
Autonomy of judgment: the student will develop problem solving abilities and autonomy of judgment by tackling problems of diagnostic clinical pathology and biochemistry during practical exercises in laboratories (biochemistry, microscopy and computer labs). The ability to integrate notions taught in the different modules will also developed by proposing to small group of students clinical cases that they must evaluate and solve autonomously as regards the aspects of pathology, immunopathology and clinical biochemistry.
Communication skills: the student during the class discussion and practical laboratory exercises will learn how to present pathology and clinical biochemistry data with appropriate and updated terminology, consistent with the professionalism required by a veterinarian surgeon. Communication skills will be as well developed during collegial discussions of the diagnostic pathology and biochemistry matters of the clinical cases that the students previously faced by themselves.
Lifelong learning skills: the reasoning skills and the notions and methodologies acquired during the classes should allow the student to continue autonomously the study and the lifelong updating of his knowledge on tissue and organ pathological and pathophysiological alterations, as well as on the method of analysis of clinical biochemistry markers of disease, both during the university career and then as a veterinarian.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student will acquire skills to interpret the most common pathological and pathophysiological changes and the associated laboratory abnormalities, as well as to select the most appropriate biochemical and molecular methods to measure diagnostic markers of disease in biological samples of animal origin. The student will learn how to process an instrumental reading into the concentration of a diagnostic molecular marker, and on how to interpret the diagnostic value of a laboratory result, how to control the source of error of laboratory's tests and the principle of quality insurance.
Autonomy of judgment: the student will develop problem solving abilities and autonomy of judgment by tackling problems of diagnostic clinical pathology and biochemistry during practical exercises in laboratories (biochemistry, microscopy and computer labs). The ability to integrate notions taught in the different modules will also developed by proposing to small group of students clinical cases that they must evaluate and solve autonomously as regards the aspects of pathology, immunopathology and clinical biochemistry.
Communication skills: the student during the class discussion and practical laboratory exercises will learn how to present pathology and clinical biochemistry data with appropriate and updated terminology, consistent with the professionalism required by a veterinarian surgeon. Communication skills will be as well developed during collegial discussions of the diagnostic pathology and biochemistry matters of the clinical cases that the students previously faced by themselves.
Lifelong learning skills: the reasoning skills and the notions and methodologies acquired during the classes should allow the student to continue autonomously the study and the lifelong updating of his knowledge on tissue and organ pathological and pathophysiological alterations, as well as on the method of analysis of clinical biochemistry markers of disease, both during the university career and then as a veterinarian.
Lesson period: Second semester
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course cannot be attended as a single course. Please check our list of single courses to find the ones available for enrolment.
Course syllabus and organization
Single session
Responsible
Lesson period
Second semester
More specific
information on the delivery modes of training activities for a.y. 2022-23
will be provided over the coming months, based on the evolution of the
public health situation
information on the delivery modes of training activities for a.y. 2022-23
will be provided over the coming months, based on the evolution of the
public health situation
Prerequisites for admission
Attendance to lectures and practices of the three modules and passing the exams of propedeutical courses (barrier exam) of:
- Batteriologia, virologia e immunologia veterinaria
- Anatomia veterinaria sistematica e comparata 3
- Fisiologia ed endocrinologia degli animali domestici
- Fisiologia ed etologia degli animali domestici
- Batteriologia, virologia e immunologia veterinaria
- Anatomia veterinaria sistematica e comparata 3
- Fisiologia ed endocrinologia degli animali domestici
- Fisiologia ed etologia degli animali domestici
Assessment methods and Criteria
There are 8 exam session, taking place in: January, February, April, June, July, September, October, November / December. Two extra exam sessions only for students enrolled in supplementary years take place in March and May.
To take the exam it is compulsory to register trough the SIFA online service (N.B.: registration closes 3 days before the date of the exam) and the propaedeutic exams must have been passed.
The examination takes place in a single session for the three modules of the integrated course and consists of a written exam of a maximum duration of 90 minutes. The final mark is calculated as a weighted average of the marks obtained in the sections of the three modules. An average of at least 18 points is needed to pass the exam. However, the examination is failed if less than 16 points in any of the modules is obtained. If even a single module scores less than 16 points, the entire examination must be retaken.
Anyone wishing to discuss the written paper and try to improve the score obtained in the written paper of one or more modules may request an oral supplement by sending an email to the teachers on the day the results are published. The timetable for the oral tests will be communicated by the following day.
During the oral examination, it will be assessed whether the knowledge and ability to understand and apply the knowledge, the ability to criticise and make judgements, the ability to present the acquired notions with appropriate language consistent with the course subjects are better than what emerged from the evaluation of the written examination.
The written paper can be viewed at the oral test or at any time by appointment.
MODULE OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
The examination consists of 18 questions divided into three sections: (A) twelve multiple-choice and/or univocal open-answer questions in which the student must demonstrate knowledge and ability to understand the theoretical principles and practical aspects of the main biochemical and molecular biology analysis methods used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories; (B) two open-ended questions in which the student must demonstrate knowledge and ability to understand the theoretical principles and practical aspects of the main biochemical and molecular biology analysis methods used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. In addition, the ability to convert an instrumental result into a biochemical diagnostic parameter will be assessed; (C) five calculation exercises on transformations between concentration units, preparation of solutions, calculation of enzyme activity, simple questions on the transformation of the instrumental reading of an analysis into the analyte concentration.
The mark is expressed in thirtieths, with a maximum of 32 points. The three sections of the test are weighted as follows. Section A (12 points): 1.0 point for each correct answer, 0.5 points for each partially correct answer, zero points for each incorrect answer. Section B (14 points): 7.0 points maximum for each answer. Section C (6 points): 1.2 points for each correct answer, 0.6 points for each partially correct answer, zero points for each incorrect answer.
MODULES OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY
The examination consists of 8 questions divided into two sections: 1) 4 MCQs on general etiology or on pathogenesis of cell damage (1 question), on adaptive mechanisms, intra- and extracellular degeneration (1 question), on inflammation (1 question) on tumors (1 question); 2) 4 open question, each requiring 3 short answers, on general etiology or on pathogenesis of cell damage (1 question), on adaptive mechanisms, intra- and extracellular degeneration (1 question), on inflammation (1 question) on tumors (1 question);
The mark is expressed in thirtieths, with a maximum of 32 points. The two sections of the test are weighted as follows. Section A (8 points): 2.0 point for each correct answer, 1.0 points for each partially correct answer, zero points for each incorrect answer. Section B (24 points): 2.0 point for each correct short answer, 1.0 points for each partially correct short answer, zero points for each incorrect or absent short answer.
MODULE OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
The examination consists of 8 questions divided into two sections: 1) 4 MCQs on diseases of blood or plasma proteins (1 question), on endocrine diseases (1 question) on circulatory diseases, organ function tests or fever (1 question), on immunopathology (1 question); 2) 4 open question, each requiring 3 short answers, on diseases of blood or plasma proteins (1 question), on endocrine diseases (1 question) on circulatory diseases, organ function tests or fever (1 question), on immunopathology (1 question);
The mark is expressed in thirtieths, with a maximum of 32 points. The two sections of the test are weighted as follows. Section A (8 points): 2.0 point for each correct answer, 1.0 points for each partially correct answer, zero points for each incorrect answer. Section B (24 points): 2.0 point for each correct short answer, 1.0 points for each partially correct short answer, zero points for each incorrect or absent short answer.
To take the exam it is compulsory to register trough the SIFA online service (N.B.: registration closes 3 days before the date of the exam) and the propaedeutic exams must have been passed.
The examination takes place in a single session for the three modules of the integrated course and consists of a written exam of a maximum duration of 90 minutes. The final mark is calculated as a weighted average of the marks obtained in the sections of the three modules. An average of at least 18 points is needed to pass the exam. However, the examination is failed if less than 16 points in any of the modules is obtained. If even a single module scores less than 16 points, the entire examination must be retaken.
Anyone wishing to discuss the written paper and try to improve the score obtained in the written paper of one or more modules may request an oral supplement by sending an email to the teachers on the day the results are published. The timetable for the oral tests will be communicated by the following day.
During the oral examination, it will be assessed whether the knowledge and ability to understand and apply the knowledge, the ability to criticise and make judgements, the ability to present the acquired notions with appropriate language consistent with the course subjects are better than what emerged from the evaluation of the written examination.
The written paper can be viewed at the oral test or at any time by appointment.
MODULE OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
The examination consists of 18 questions divided into three sections: (A) twelve multiple-choice and/or univocal open-answer questions in which the student must demonstrate knowledge and ability to understand the theoretical principles and practical aspects of the main biochemical and molecular biology analysis methods used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories; (B) two open-ended questions in which the student must demonstrate knowledge and ability to understand the theoretical principles and practical aspects of the main biochemical and molecular biology analysis methods used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. In addition, the ability to convert an instrumental result into a biochemical diagnostic parameter will be assessed; (C) five calculation exercises on transformations between concentration units, preparation of solutions, calculation of enzyme activity, simple questions on the transformation of the instrumental reading of an analysis into the analyte concentration.
The mark is expressed in thirtieths, with a maximum of 32 points. The three sections of the test are weighted as follows. Section A (12 points): 1.0 point for each correct answer, 0.5 points for each partially correct answer, zero points for each incorrect answer. Section B (14 points): 7.0 points maximum for each answer. Section C (6 points): 1.2 points for each correct answer, 0.6 points for each partially correct answer, zero points for each incorrect answer.
MODULES OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY
The examination consists of 8 questions divided into two sections: 1) 4 MCQs on general etiology or on pathogenesis of cell damage (1 question), on adaptive mechanisms, intra- and extracellular degeneration (1 question), on inflammation (1 question) on tumors (1 question); 2) 4 open question, each requiring 3 short answers, on general etiology or on pathogenesis of cell damage (1 question), on adaptive mechanisms, intra- and extracellular degeneration (1 question), on inflammation (1 question) on tumors (1 question);
The mark is expressed in thirtieths, with a maximum of 32 points. The two sections of the test are weighted as follows. Section A (8 points): 2.0 point for each correct answer, 1.0 points for each partially correct answer, zero points for each incorrect answer. Section B (24 points): 2.0 point for each correct short answer, 1.0 points for each partially correct short answer, zero points for each incorrect or absent short answer.
MODULE OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
The examination consists of 8 questions divided into two sections: 1) 4 MCQs on diseases of blood or plasma proteins (1 question), on endocrine diseases (1 question) on circulatory diseases, organ function tests or fever (1 question), on immunopathology (1 question); 2) 4 open question, each requiring 3 short answers, on diseases of blood or plasma proteins (1 question), on endocrine diseases (1 question) on circulatory diseases, organ function tests or fever (1 question), on immunopathology (1 question);
The mark is expressed in thirtieths, with a maximum of 32 points. The two sections of the test are weighted as follows. Section A (8 points): 2.0 point for each correct answer, 1.0 points for each partially correct answer, zero points for each incorrect answer. Section B (24 points): 2.0 point for each correct short answer, 1.0 points for each partially correct short answer, zero points for each incorrect or absent short answer.
General Veterinary pathology
Course syllabus
Introduction (introductory concepts, i.e. homeostasis and disease) 1 hour
General etiology (Radiations, burns; chemical causes of diseases; infectious agents; genetic-hereditary diseases) 4 hours
Cell and tissue death (Necrosis Apoptosis) 2 hours
Adaptive mechanisms (Hypertrophy, Hypotrophy, Metaplasia) 2 hours
Cellular degeneration (Cell swelling, Hydropic degeneration, Vacuolar degeneration, Mucous degeneration, Fatty degeneration, Cholesterinosis - atheroma) 4 ore
Extracellular degeneration (Jaline, fibrinoid, mucous, amyloid) 3 hours
Acute inflammation (Inflammatory vascular changes, Cell activation, diapedesis and phagocytosis, chemical mediators, exudates, the acute phase reaction) 6 hours
Chronic inflammation (interstitial inflammation, granuloma) 2 hours
Tissue repair (Mechanisms of tissue repair) 2 hours
Tumours (Terminology, neoplastic atypia, Oncogenesis and molecular oncogenesis phases of neoplastic development, metastases, cachexia and paraneoplastic syndromes, immunity against tumors) 6 hours
General etiology (Radiations, burns; chemical causes of diseases; infectious agents; genetic-hereditary diseases) 4 hours
Cell and tissue death (Necrosis Apoptosis) 2 hours
Adaptive mechanisms (Hypertrophy, Hypotrophy, Metaplasia) 2 hours
Cellular degeneration (Cell swelling, Hydropic degeneration, Vacuolar degeneration, Mucous degeneration, Fatty degeneration, Cholesterinosis - atheroma) 4 ore
Extracellular degeneration (Jaline, fibrinoid, mucous, amyloid) 3 hours
Acute inflammation (Inflammatory vascular changes, Cell activation, diapedesis and phagocytosis, chemical mediators, exudates, the acute phase reaction) 6 hours
Chronic inflammation (interstitial inflammation, granuloma) 2 hours
Tissue repair (Mechanisms of tissue repair) 2 hours
Tumours (Terminology, neoplastic atypia, Oncogenesis and molecular oncogenesis phases of neoplastic development, metastases, cachexia and paraneoplastic syndromes, immunity against tumors) 6 hours
Teaching methods
Lectures with projected slides containing text, diagrams or images and videos. During lectures specific aspects will be exploited through interactive discussions and at the end of any group of topics a web based self evaluation test will be run
Teaching Resources
Slides or CD-ROM or "on-line" version : http://ariel.ctu.unimi.it
McGAVIN e ZACHARY - Patologia Generale Veterinaria - Elsevier Masson 2008
PONTIERI - Patologia Generale -1 e 2 (2 per fisiopatologia) - Piccin. Ultima edizione
ROBBINS - Pathologic basis of the disease - 6° (2000)/7° (2004) ed. Saunders
McGAVIN e ZACHARY - Patologia Generale Veterinaria - Elsevier Masson 2008
PONTIERI - Patologia Generale -1 e 2 (2 per fisiopatologia) - Piccin. Ultima edizione
ROBBINS - Pathologic basis of the disease - 6° (2000)/7° (2004) ed. Saunders
Pathophysiology and immunopathology
Course syllabus
Lectures
Pathophysiology of blood cells, fluids and proteins (Volemia, anemia, polycythemia, Leucopaenia, leucocytosis, Thromboctytopenia, changes of plasma protein) 5 hours
Pathophysiology of the endocrine system (Hyper- and hypofunction of hypophysis, thyroid, adrenal glands, including stress, diabetes) 5 hours
Pathophysiology of metabolism (Bovine ketosis, neonatal hypoglycemia of swine, milk fever) 4 hours
Disturbances of the circulatory system (Hyperemia, Edema, Ischemia, Infarct, Thrombosis, Embolizaton, Shock) 2 hours
Pathophysiology of thermoregulation (febrile and non febrile hyperthermia) 1 hour
Jaundice. 1 hour
Organ function tests (Principles of interpretation, tests for liver functions) 1 hour
Immunopathology (Hypersensitivity reactions (Type I, II, III, IV), Autoimmune diseases, Immunodeficiencies 5 hours
Practicals
Laboratory methods (seminar in the classroom to the whole studentship) 2 hours
Preanalytical and analytical errors (seminar in the classroom to the whole studentship) 2 hours
Handling and analysis of blood (max 20 students per group in the laboratory) Cell counts, execution of blood smears, Centrifugation and biochemical analysis using automated methods 2 hours
Reading of blood smears (max 30 student per group with individual microscopes) Approach to the blood smear at the microscope, execution of the differential leukocyte count, identification of the main pathological changes of RBC, WBC, and platelets 8 hours
Principles of test interpretation and self-evaluation test 2 hours
Pathophysiology of blood cells, fluids and proteins (Volemia, anemia, polycythemia, Leucopaenia, leucocytosis, Thromboctytopenia, changes of plasma protein) 5 hours
Pathophysiology of the endocrine system (Hyper- and hypofunction of hypophysis, thyroid, adrenal glands, including stress, diabetes) 5 hours
Pathophysiology of metabolism (Bovine ketosis, neonatal hypoglycemia of swine, milk fever) 4 hours
Disturbances of the circulatory system (Hyperemia, Edema, Ischemia, Infarct, Thrombosis, Embolizaton, Shock) 2 hours
Pathophysiology of thermoregulation (febrile and non febrile hyperthermia) 1 hour
Jaundice. 1 hour
Organ function tests (Principles of interpretation, tests for liver functions) 1 hour
Immunopathology (Hypersensitivity reactions (Type I, II, III, IV), Autoimmune diseases, Immunodeficiencies 5 hours
Practicals
Laboratory methods (seminar in the classroom to the whole studentship) 2 hours
Preanalytical and analytical errors (seminar in the classroom to the whole studentship) 2 hours
Handling and analysis of blood (max 20 students per group in the laboratory) Cell counts, execution of blood smears, Centrifugation and biochemical analysis using automated methods 2 hours
Reading of blood smears (max 30 student per group with individual microscopes) Approach to the blood smear at the microscope, execution of the differential leukocyte count, identification of the main pathological changes of RBC, WBC, and platelets 8 hours
Principles of test interpretation and self-evaluation test 2 hours
Teaching methods
Lectures with projected slides cntaining text, diagrams or images and videos. During lectures specific aspects will be exploited through interactive discussions and at the end of any group of topics a web based self evaluation test will be run
Practicals will be run as specified at the end of the programme in teaching labs (microscopy and biological lab) within the teaching buildings
Practicals will be run as specified at the end of the programme in teaching labs (microscopy and biological lab) within the teaching buildings
Teaching Resources
Slides or CD-ROM or "on-line" version : http://ariel.ctu.unimi.it
PONTIERI - Patologia Generale -1 e 2 (2 per fisiopatologia) - Piccin. Ultima edizione
TIZARD - Veterinary Immunolgy - An Introduction, 6th ed. Saunders
For specific interests (hematology and andocrine diseases)
WEISS e WARDROP- Schalm's Veterinary Hematology - 6° ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
KANEKO - Clinical Biochemistry of domestic animals - 6° ed.
STOCKHAM & SCOTT - Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology - 2° ed.
PALTRINIERI GIORDANO, BERTAZZOLO - Patologia Clinica del Cane e del gatto. Approccio pratico alla diagnostica di laboratorio
PONTIERI - Patologia Generale -1 e 2 (2 per fisiopatologia) - Piccin. Ultima edizione
TIZARD - Veterinary Immunolgy - An Introduction, 6th ed. Saunders
For specific interests (hematology and andocrine diseases)
WEISS e WARDROP- Schalm's Veterinary Hematology - 6° ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
KANEKO - Clinical Biochemistry of domestic animals - 6° ed.
STOCKHAM & SCOTT - Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology - 2° ed.
PALTRINIERI GIORDANO, BERTAZZOLO - Patologia Clinica del Cane e del gatto. Approccio pratico alla diagnostica di laboratorio
Clinical biochemistry
Course syllabus
1. THEORETICAL TRAINING (24 h)
- Ways of expressing the quantity in clinical biochemistry; International System of Units and conversion of units of measure (w/v, molarity, ppm, ppb, percent). (2h)
- Methods based on radiant energy: basic principles of light transmission, absorption, refraction, diffraction, reflection and production. (1h)
- From the instrument reading to the concentration of the analyte. (1h)
- Clinical chemistry methods. (1h)
- Determination of metabolites by enzymatic methods. (1h)
- Clinical enzymology: enzymatic activity and kinetics; determination of enzymes and isoenzymes in plasma; continuous assays, discontinuous assays, factors to control in assays. (2h)
- Immunochemical techniques for antibody and antigen quantification; direct and indirect (labelled) immunological assays; competitive and sandwich assays; lateral-flow test. (2h)
- Electrophoresis: net charge of biomolecules; net charge electrophoresis; SDS-electrophoresis; isoelectric focusing; Western blot; the electropherogram and its interpretation. (2h)
- Chromatography: general principles; size-exclusion, ion-exchange, reverse phase and affinity chromatography; the chromatogram and its interpretation. (1h)
- Electrochemical techniques: potentiometric measures with ion selective electrodes; amperometric techniques. (1h)
- Atomic spectroscopy: atomic absorption and emission techniques. (1h)
- Molecular biology methods: PCR, analysis of PCR products, RFLP, sequencing. (2h)
- Source of error of laboratory's test result: pre-analytical variability, analytical variability: precision, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, species-specificity. Quality control (4h)
- The use of clinical laboratory test in diagnostic: biological variability, reference values; pathognomonic and non-pathognomonic tests; diagnostic sensitivity and specificity; prevalence; positive and negative predictive values. (3h)
2. PRACTICAL TRAINING (16h)
- Exercises on conversion units of measure (w/v, molarity, percentage, ppm, ppb), and on preparing solution and dilution. (10h, classroom)
- Laboratory mathematics: processing of raw data from quantitative assays of biomarkers, graphical representation, and critical analysis of test results. Use of Excel spreadsheets to calculate the concentration of the analytes from instrument raw data obtained from: enzymatic creatinine assay, sandwich and competitive ELISAs, net charge-based electrophoresis (electropherogram) (4h, computer room).
- Use of NCBI software and databases for the species identification of nucleotide sequences obtained by PCR/sequencing and design of species-specific primers (2h, computer room).
- Ways of expressing the quantity in clinical biochemistry; International System of Units and conversion of units of measure (w/v, molarity, ppm, ppb, percent). (2h)
- Methods based on radiant energy: basic principles of light transmission, absorption, refraction, diffraction, reflection and production. (1h)
- From the instrument reading to the concentration of the analyte. (1h)
- Clinical chemistry methods. (1h)
- Determination of metabolites by enzymatic methods. (1h)
- Clinical enzymology: enzymatic activity and kinetics; determination of enzymes and isoenzymes in plasma; continuous assays, discontinuous assays, factors to control in assays. (2h)
- Immunochemical techniques for antibody and antigen quantification; direct and indirect (labelled) immunological assays; competitive and sandwich assays; lateral-flow test. (2h)
- Electrophoresis: net charge of biomolecules; net charge electrophoresis; SDS-electrophoresis; isoelectric focusing; Western blot; the electropherogram and its interpretation. (2h)
- Chromatography: general principles; size-exclusion, ion-exchange, reverse phase and affinity chromatography; the chromatogram and its interpretation. (1h)
- Electrochemical techniques: potentiometric measures with ion selective electrodes; amperometric techniques. (1h)
- Atomic spectroscopy: atomic absorption and emission techniques. (1h)
- Molecular biology methods: PCR, analysis of PCR products, RFLP, sequencing. (2h)
- Source of error of laboratory's test result: pre-analytical variability, analytical variability: precision, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, species-specificity. Quality control (4h)
- The use of clinical laboratory test in diagnostic: biological variability, reference values; pathognomonic and non-pathognomonic tests; diagnostic sensitivity and specificity; prevalence; positive and negative predictive values. (3h)
2. PRACTICAL TRAINING (16h)
- Exercises on conversion units of measure (w/v, molarity, percentage, ppm, ppb), and on preparing solution and dilution. (10h, classroom)
- Laboratory mathematics: processing of raw data from quantitative assays of biomarkers, graphical representation, and critical analysis of test results. Use of Excel spreadsheets to calculate the concentration of the analytes from instrument raw data obtained from: enzymatic creatinine assay, sandwich and competitive ELISAs, net charge-based electrophoresis (electropherogram) (4h, computer room).
- Use of NCBI software and databases for the species identification of nucleotide sequences obtained by PCR/sequencing and design of species-specific primers (2h, computer room).
Teaching methods
The course (4 CFU) is organized in class lectures (3 CFU - 24 hours) and practical training (1 CFU - 16 hours). Lectures are dedicated to core knowledge of theory and practice of clinical biochemistry and clinical molecular biology methods used in in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Practice in classroom (all students together), laboratory (groups of two students) and computer room (single student) are dedicated to develop skills in experimental techniques and calculations routinely used in clinical laboratories.
Teaching Resources
- Power point handouts and lecture notes on ARIEL [https://vborromeobcv.ariel.ctu.unimi.it/v5/home/Default.aspx]
- Study books
- Biochimica clinica, 2° edizione (2000), Luigi Spandrio, Edizioni Sorbona. Prima Parte (Biochimica Clinica Generale).
- For further study:
Metodologia biochimica - Keith Wilson e John Walker, 5° edizione - Eds Italiana Pilone e Pollegioni, Raffaello Cortina Editore (2006). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6° edizione (2008), Kaneko JJ, Academic press.
Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6° edizione (2008), Kaneko JJ, Academic press.
- Study books
- Biochimica clinica, 2° edizione (2000), Luigi Spandrio, Edizioni Sorbona. Prima Parte (Biochimica Clinica Generale).
- For further study:
Metodologia biochimica - Keith Wilson e John Walker, 5° edizione - Eds Italiana Pilone e Pollegioni, Raffaello Cortina Editore (2006). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6° edizione (2008), Kaneko JJ, Academic press.
Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6° edizione (2008), Kaneko JJ, Academic press.
Clinical biochemistry
BIO/12 - CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - University credits: 4
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 24 hours
Lessons: 24 hours
Professor:
Borromeo Vitaliano
Shifts:
Professor:
Borromeo Vitaliano
1 TURNO PER TUTTI GLI STUDENTI
Professor:
Borromeo Vitaliano2 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Borromeo Vitaliano3 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Borromeo Vitaliano
General Veterinary pathology
VET/03 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY - University credits: 4
Lessons: 32 hours
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio
Pathophysiology and immunopathology
VET/03 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY - University credits: 4
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 24 hours
Lessons: 24 hours
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio
Shifts:
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio
1 TURNO PER TUTTI GLI STUDENTI
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio2 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio3 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio4 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio5 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio6 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio7 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio8 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Paltrinieri SaverioEducational website(s)
Professor(s)
Reception:
Every day, by appointment
Lodi or online on Teams