Andrology and Obstetrical-Gynecological Clinics
A.Y. 2023/2024
Learning objectives
General goals of the course:
The course aims to provide the students a practical-based learning for a correct clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of contraception and domestic animals' reproduction.
Goals to achieve:
1) Knowledge and understanding: the students are required to achieve the basic knowledge about the etiopathogenesis, diagnostic work-up and clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
2) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the students are required to acquire knowledge for the correct diagnosis and clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
3) Autonomy of judgement: the student must learn proactively and critically the information provided by the teachers and by the teaching textbooks for the clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
4) Communication skills: the student must acquire the ability to communicate, as learned thanks to theoretical and practices, to animal owners and colleagues, orally or written, with correct scientific terminology, the diagnostic course and clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
The course aims to provide the students a practical-based learning for a correct clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of contraception and domestic animals' reproduction.
Goals to achieve:
1) Knowledge and understanding: the students are required to achieve the basic knowledge about the etiopathogenesis, diagnostic work-up and clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
2) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the students are required to acquire knowledge for the correct diagnosis and clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
3) Autonomy of judgement: the student must learn proactively and critically the information provided by the teachers and by the teaching textbooks for the clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
4) Communication skills: the student must acquire the ability to communicate, as learned thanks to theoretical and practices, to animal owners and colleagues, orally or written, with correct scientific terminology, the diagnostic course and clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
Expected learning outcomes
At the end of the course students should be able to plan a correct clinical work-up to come up to the diagnosis, to formulate a prognosis and to plan for a therapy about the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
In detail, they should demonstrate:
1) Knowledge and understanding: the students should demonstrate to have achieved the basic knowledge about the etiopathogenesis, diagnostic work-up and clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals'c contraception and reproduction.
2) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the students should be able to reach a diagnosis and the clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
3) Autonomy of judgement: the student should demonstrate to be able to manage the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
4) Communication skills: the student must be able to communicate, as learned thanks to theoretical and practices, to animal owners and colleagues, orally or written, with correct scientific terminology, the diagnostic course and clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
In detail, they should demonstrate:
1) Knowledge and understanding: the students should demonstrate to have achieved the basic knowledge about the etiopathogenesis, diagnostic work-up and clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals'c contraception and reproduction.
2) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the students should be able to reach a diagnosis and the clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and for the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
3) Autonomy of judgement: the student should demonstrate to be able to manage the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
4) Communication skills: the student must be able to communicate, as learned thanks to theoretical and practices, to animal owners and colleagues, orally or written, with correct scientific terminology, the diagnostic course and clinical management of the more common male and female genital diseases in domestic animals and the correct management of domestic animals' contraception and reproduction.
Lesson period: First semester
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course cannot be attended as a single course. Please check our list of single courses to find the ones available for enrolment.
Course syllabus and organization
Single session
Responsible
Lesson period
First semester
Prerequisites for admission
Beside what demanded from the Veterinary Medicine course rules, students are requested to have acquired competences about Anatomy, Physiology and Endocrinology, General pathology, Anatomical pathology, Infectious diseases, Obstetrics and reproduction pathology, Pharmacology and toxicology.
Assessment methods and Criteria
The exam consists of a written examination for both the modules.
For the module of Andrology and veterinary andrological clinics, 3 questions are proposed:
· One short-assay question, for description of genital system functional anatomy, seminology, main male genital system diseases or management of male reproduction. This question is aimed to verify the ability of the student to combine basic knowledge with acquired competence for normal and pathologic male genital system conditions. Maximum score is 3.
· One long-assay clinically-based question to verify the students learn how to perform the clinical work-up to manage the most common clinical cases about domestic animals andrology (male genital diseases, male breeders, male contraception), using a correct scientific language and, possibly with transversal links among disciplines or species. Maximum score is 7.
The topics of the questions cover pathophysiology of male reproduction, etiopathogenesis, symptoms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of the male genital system diseases; correct management of the male as patient and as breeder.
For the VETERINARY CLINICAL OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGICY module, 3 written questions are posed:
· a multiple choice question (5 answers) with the possibility of choosing a single correct answer.
The question is intended to verify the basic knowledge of the students. The wrong answer is scored as 0, the correct one is scored as 4.
· one open short-assay question on a clinical case relating to the obstetric and gynecological clinic of farm animals or pets. The question is intended to verify students' learning in identifying the important points of the diagnostic algorithm in clinical cases of reproduction in farm or pet animal. Maximum score = 6.
· One long-assay clinically-based question to verify the achievement by the student not only of the basic information, but also to be able to develop a clinical reasoning for the correct clinical management of the main pathologies of the female genital system with the use of an appropriate scientific language and possibly with transversal links among disciplines or species. Maximum score = 10.
The topics on which the questions are concerned are:
etiopathogenesis, symptoms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of pathologies of the female reproductive system in the animal species under study.
For the module of Andrology and veterinary andrological clinics, 3 questions are proposed:
· One short-assay question, for description of genital system functional anatomy, seminology, main male genital system diseases or management of male reproduction. This question is aimed to verify the ability of the student to combine basic knowledge with acquired competence for normal and pathologic male genital system conditions. Maximum score is 3.
· One long-assay clinically-based question to verify the students learn how to perform the clinical work-up to manage the most common clinical cases about domestic animals andrology (male genital diseases, male breeders, male contraception), using a correct scientific language and, possibly with transversal links among disciplines or species. Maximum score is 7.
The topics of the questions cover pathophysiology of male reproduction, etiopathogenesis, symptoms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of the male genital system diseases; correct management of the male as patient and as breeder.
For the VETERINARY CLINICAL OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGICY module, 3 written questions are posed:
· a multiple choice question (5 answers) with the possibility of choosing a single correct answer.
The question is intended to verify the basic knowledge of the students. The wrong answer is scored as 0, the correct one is scored as 4.
· one open short-assay question on a clinical case relating to the obstetric and gynecological clinic of farm animals or pets. The question is intended to verify students' learning in identifying the important points of the diagnostic algorithm in clinical cases of reproduction in farm or pet animal. Maximum score = 6.
· One long-assay clinically-based question to verify the achievement by the student not only of the basic information, but also to be able to develop a clinical reasoning for the correct clinical management of the main pathologies of the female genital system with the use of an appropriate scientific language and possibly with transversal links among disciplines or species. Maximum score = 10.
The topics on which the questions are concerned are:
etiopathogenesis, symptoms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of pathologies of the female reproductive system in the animal species under study.
Andrologia e clinica andrologica veterinaria
Course syllabus
LECTURES
Andrologic clinical examination: examination in the male breeder and in the male patient, semen collection and evaluation, certification (4 h)
Testicular Maldescent: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (2 h)
Orchitis and testicular tumors:
etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (4 h)
Male sexual glands diseases: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (2 h)
Penile and preputial diseases: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (2 h)
Male contraception: indications, surgical or pharmacologic management (2 h)
PRACTICES
Surgery on animal models (Skill Lab) (4 h/student).Management of andrologic clinical cases by groups of students (clinic, surgery room, laboratory): Andrologic clinical examination, collection and evaluation of semen, male genital system ultrasonography, male genital system surgery and management of the surgical patient
(12 h/student)
Andrologic clinical examination: examination in the male breeder and in the male patient, semen collection and evaluation, certification (4 h)
Testicular Maldescent: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (2 h)
Orchitis and testicular tumors:
etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (4 h)
Male sexual glands diseases: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (2 h)
Penile and preputial diseases: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (2 h)
Male contraception: indications, surgical or pharmacologic management (2 h)
PRACTICES
Surgery on animal models (Skill Lab) (4 h/student).Management of andrologic clinical cases by groups of students (clinic, surgery room, laboratory): Andrologic clinical examination, collection and evaluation of semen, male genital system ultrasonography, male genital system surgery and management of the surgical patient
(12 h/student)
Teaching methods
Lectures take place in the classroom with the help of slides. Students are welcome to participate
actively to lessons, based on the knowledge acquired in the propedeutic subjects.
The practises take place in small groups, in the Skill Lab and then in the facilities of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (clinics, laboratories, surgical rooms) (16 hours / student). In the Skill Lab (4 h/student), students will perform clinical-surgical manual skills on animal models. In hospitals the students, under the supervision of a teacher, will take charge of the clinical exam, and the full management of the patient and propose possible additional investigations to formulate the diagnosis, and to be able to set the most correct therapy in the cases of andrological patients. They also will participate in the collection, evaluation and eventual conservation of seminal material. Finally, the students will participate, as primary or assistant surgeon, in the execution of surgical interventions on the male genital system (12 h/student).
actively to lessons, based on the knowledge acquired in the propedeutic subjects.
The practises take place in small groups, in the Skill Lab and then in the facilities of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (clinics, laboratories, surgical rooms) (16 hours / student). In the Skill Lab (4 h/student), students will perform clinical-surgical manual skills on animal models. In hospitals the students, under the supervision of a teacher, will take charge of the clinical exam, and the full management of the patient and propose possible additional investigations to formulate the diagnosis, and to be able to set the most correct therapy in the cases of andrological patients. They also will participate in the collection, evaluation and eventual conservation of seminal material. Finally, the students will participate, as primary or assistant surgeon, in the execution of surgical interventions on the male genital system (12 h/student).
Teaching Resources
PDF files of the PP presentations used for lectures, available to students on Ariel.
Additional material suggested
Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology
R Youngquist, W Threlfall (eds). Elsevier 2nd Edition 2006. ISBN-10: 0721693237
Canine and Feline Theriogenology
SH Johnston, MV Root Kustritz, P Olson (eds). Elsevier 2001. ISBN-10: 0721656072
Manual of Equine Reproduction
T Blanchard, DD Varner, J Schumacher. Elsevier 2nd Edition 2002. ISBN-10: 0323017134
Additional material suggested
Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology
R Youngquist, W Threlfall (eds). Elsevier 2nd Edition 2006. ISBN-10: 0721693237
Canine and Feline Theriogenology
SH Johnston, MV Root Kustritz, P Olson (eds). Elsevier 2001. ISBN-10: 0721656072
Manual of Equine Reproduction
T Blanchard, DD Varner, J Schumacher. Elsevier 2nd Edition 2002. ISBN-10: 0323017134
Clinica ostetrica e ginecologica veterinaria
Course syllabus
Reproductive efficiency Clinical and instrumental examination for the evaluation of reproductive efficiency in the female - criteria for assessing female fertility- breeding fertility 2 hours
Normal pregnancy, pregnancy diagnosis, obstetric terminology and obstetric examination. Embryonic and fetal development maternal recognition of pregnancy - placenta and criteria of classification Disposition of the fetus during pregnancy and during parturition, obstetric examination 2 hours
Stillbirth pathology Obstetric examination in dystocia obstetric aids - obstetric manual skills dystocias from maternal causes - dystocias from fetal causes - operative procedures on the fetus - operative procedures on the mother - injuries resulting from parturition - DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 8 hours
Pathology of the puerperium Atonia uterine - uterine spasms - uterine prolapse - placenta retention - bacterial diseases DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 6 hours
Techniques for inducing abortion The most common treatments used in pets and farm animals. When to use such procedures. The advantages and disadvantages in the use of the different techniques 2 hours
Techniques for induction, prevention and suppression of estrus The most common treatments used in pets and farm animals. The advantages and disadvantages in the use of these procedures 4 hours
Ovarian pathologies
Uterine pathologies
Vaginal and vulvar pathologies
Breast pathologies Clinical, surgical and therapeutic aspects of the main congenital and acquired pathologies 8 hours
Cesarean section in the different species Containment, anesthesia, method of execution, therapy, follow-up 4 hours
Assistance to the newborn Principles of neonatology, the normal infant - the pathological infant 4 hours
Practices
Clinical and surgical procedures (4h/student) (Skill Lab). Management of obstetric-gynecological clinical cases for small groups of students (max 3 students / group) (surgery, surgical room, laboratory): gynecological, obstetric examination, ultrasound examination of the female genital system, female genital system surgery, perioperative management of the obstetric gynecological patient (12 hours / student)
Normal pregnancy, pregnancy diagnosis, obstetric terminology and obstetric examination. Embryonic and fetal development maternal recognition of pregnancy - placenta and criteria of classification Disposition of the fetus during pregnancy and during parturition, obstetric examination 2 hours
Stillbirth pathology Obstetric examination in dystocia obstetric aids - obstetric manual skills dystocias from maternal causes - dystocias from fetal causes - operative procedures on the fetus - operative procedures on the mother - injuries resulting from parturition - DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 8 hours
Pathology of the puerperium Atonia uterine - uterine spasms - uterine prolapse - placenta retention - bacterial diseases DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 6 hours
Techniques for inducing abortion The most common treatments used in pets and farm animals. When to use such procedures. The advantages and disadvantages in the use of the different techniques 2 hours
Techniques for induction, prevention and suppression of estrus The most common treatments used in pets and farm animals. The advantages and disadvantages in the use of these procedures 4 hours
Ovarian pathologies
Uterine pathologies
Vaginal and vulvar pathologies
Breast pathologies Clinical, surgical and therapeutic aspects of the main congenital and acquired pathologies 8 hours
Cesarean section in the different species Containment, anesthesia, method of execution, therapy, follow-up 4 hours
Assistance to the newborn Principles of neonatology, the normal infant - the pathological infant 4 hours
Practices
Clinical and surgical procedures (4h/student) (Skill Lab). Management of obstetric-gynecological clinical cases for small groups of students (max 3 students / group) (surgery, surgical room, laboratory): gynecological, obstetric examination, ultrasound examination of the female genital system, female genital system surgery, perioperative management of the obstetric gynecological patient (12 hours / student)
Teaching methods
The course includes:
- a part of frontal teaching (40 hours) consisting of lessons that aim to provide students with the knowledge related to the symptoms, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of the diseases of the female reproductive system. In addition, the course aims to provide indications for a correct clinical evaluation of obstetric-gynecological patients both for the improvement of their reproductive function and for the diagnosis and therapy of pathologies causing hypo / infertility. The lectures are held in the classroom with the help of slides. Students are invited to actively participate in the lesson, based on the knowledge acquired in the preparatory subjects.
- a part of practices. The practices take place in small groups, in the Skill Lab (4 h/student) and in the facilities of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (surgeries, laboratories, surgical rooms) (12 hours / student). At the Skill Lab, under the supervision of teachers, students will perform clinical and surgical practises on animal models. At the Veterinary Teaching Hospital they will perform the entire clinical management of female patients, from admission, through the entire clinical examination, surgery preparation, surgery and post-surgery monitoring, discussing with teachers the differential diagnosis, the necessary supplementary examinations and the best treatment for diseases affecting the female reproductive system. Furthermore, through the presentation and collegial discussion of clinical cases, students will be directly involved in the clinical path (at the patient side, laboratory or surgical) of female patients. Finally, in the surgery room, students will actively perform the most common surgeries of the female reproductive tract.
- a part of frontal teaching (40 hours) consisting of lessons that aim to provide students with the knowledge related to the symptoms, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of the diseases of the female reproductive system. In addition, the course aims to provide indications for a correct clinical evaluation of obstetric-gynecological patients both for the improvement of their reproductive function and for the diagnosis and therapy of pathologies causing hypo / infertility. The lectures are held in the classroom with the help of slides. Students are invited to actively participate in the lesson, based on the knowledge acquired in the preparatory subjects.
- a part of practices. The practices take place in small groups, in the Skill Lab (4 h/student) and in the facilities of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (surgeries, laboratories, surgical rooms) (12 hours / student). At the Skill Lab, under the supervision of teachers, students will perform clinical and surgical practises on animal models. At the Veterinary Teaching Hospital they will perform the entire clinical management of female patients, from admission, through the entire clinical examination, surgery preparation, surgery and post-surgery monitoring, discussing with teachers the differential diagnosis, the necessary supplementary examinations and the best treatment for diseases affecting the female reproductive system. Furthermore, through the presentation and collegial discussion of clinical cases, students will be directly involved in the clinical path (at the patient side, laboratory or surgical) of female patients. Finally, in the surgery room, students will actively perform the most common surgeries of the female reproductive tract.
Teaching Resources
PDF files of the PP presentations used for lectures, available to students on Ariel platform
Additional material suggested
Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology
R Youngquist, W Threlfall (eds). Elsevier 2nd Edition 2006. ISBN-10: 0721693237
Canine and Feline Theriogenology
SH Johnston, MV Root Kustritz, P Olson (eds). Elsevier 2001. ISBN-10: 0721656072
Manual of Equine Reproduction
T Blanchard, DD Varner, J Schumacher. Elsevier 2nd Edition 2002. ISBN-10: 0323017134
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Reproduction and Neonatology, 2nd Edition
Gary England, Angelika von Heimendahl
British Small Animal Veterinary; 2 edizione ISBN-10: 1905319193
Bovine Reproduction
Edited by
Richard M. Hopper DVM, Diplomate ACT
Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
Mississippi State University
Starkville, Mississippi, USA Wiley-Blackwell, 2015 ISBN 978-1-118-47083-1
Equine Reproduction
Editors: Angus O. McKinnon, Edward L. Squires, Wendy E. Vaala, Dickson D. Varner
January 2011, Wiley-Blackwell, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA
ISBN: 978-0-8138-1971-6
Additional material suggested
Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology
R Youngquist, W Threlfall (eds). Elsevier 2nd Edition 2006. ISBN-10: 0721693237
Canine and Feline Theriogenology
SH Johnston, MV Root Kustritz, P Olson (eds). Elsevier 2001. ISBN-10: 0721656072
Manual of Equine Reproduction
T Blanchard, DD Varner, J Schumacher. Elsevier 2nd Edition 2002. ISBN-10: 0323017134
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Reproduction and Neonatology, 2nd Edition
Gary England, Angelika von Heimendahl
British Small Animal Veterinary; 2 edizione ISBN-10: 1905319193
Bovine Reproduction
Edited by
Richard M. Hopper DVM, Diplomate ACT
Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
Mississippi State University
Starkville, Mississippi, USA Wiley-Blackwell, 2015 ISBN 978-1-118-47083-1
Equine Reproduction
Editors: Angus O. McKinnon, Edward L. Squires, Wendy E. Vaala, Dickson D. Varner
January 2011, Wiley-Blackwell, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA
ISBN: 978-0-8138-1971-6
Andrologia e clinica andrologica veterinaria
VET/10 - VETERINARY CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY - University credits: 3
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 16 hours
Lessons: 16 hours
Professors:
Fusi Jasmine, Groppetti Debora, Lange Consiglio Anna, Pecile Alessandro, Veronesi Maria Cristina
Shifts:
Professor:
Veronesi Maria Cristina
1 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Veronesi Maria Cristina10 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Pecile Alessandro11 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Pecile Alessandro12 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Groppetti Debora13 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Groppetti Debora14 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Groppetti Debora15 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Groppetti Debora16 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Lange Consiglio Anna17 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Lange Consiglio Anna19 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Lange Consiglio Anna2 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Veronesi Maria Cristina20 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Lange Consiglio Anna21 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Lange Consiglio Anna24 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Fusi Jasmine3 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Veronesi Maria Cristina4 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Veronesi Maria Cristina5 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Veronesi Maria Cristina6 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Veronesi Maria Cristina7 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Veronesi Maria Cristina8 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Pecile Alessandro9 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Pecile Alessandro
Clinica ostetrica e ginecologica veterinaria
VET/10 - VETERINARY CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY - University credits: 5
Practicals: 32 hours
Lessons: 24 hours
Lessons: 24 hours
Professor:
Cremonesi Fausto
Shifts:
Professor:
Cremonesi Fausto
1 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Cremonesi Fausto10 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi Fausto11 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi Fausto12 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi Fausto2 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi Fausto3 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi Fausto4 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi Fausto5 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi Fausto6 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi Fausto7 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi Fausto8 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi Fausto9 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
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Cremonesi FaustoEducational website(s)