Basic Sciences

Atomic structure. Chemical bonds: ionic and covalent bonds
Intermolecular bonds: van der Waals forces and hydrogen bridge bonds.
Water: structure and properties; weak interactions in aqueous systems.
Aqueous solutions: concentration of solutions; colligative properties of solutions, osmosis.
Chemical reactions: general concepts. Reactions and equilibrium. Catalysts. Redox reactions
Ionic equilibria in aqueous solution: ionization of water; ionic product of water; pH; acids and bases; buffer solutions.
Carbon and its bonds. Main classes of organic compounds.
Structure of organic molecules of biological interest.
Enzymes: structural characteristics; mechanism of action; mechanisms of regulation of enzymatic activity.
Metabolism: general characteristics; catabolic and anabolic pathways.
Energy metabolism: energy compounds, ATP cycle, mechanisms of ATP synthesis; Krebs cycle; respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses
General information on carbohydrate metabolism: digestion; origin and metabolic fates of glucose; mechanisms of regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
General information on lipid metabolism: digestion; origin and metabolic fates of fatty acids; mechanisms of regulation of lipid metabolism.
General information on amino acid metabolism: digestion; origin and metabolic fates of amino acids; mechanisms of regulation of amino acid metabolism.

Characteristics of living organisms: cell theory; methods of studying the cell; prokaryotic cells; eukaryotic cells; hierarchical organization in biology; evolution of organisms.
Biological macromolecules: lipids, sugars, nucleic acids, proteins.
Structure and organization of the eukaryotic cell: cellular compartmentalization; cellular organelles; ribosomes; cytoskeleton; junctions; matrix.
Structure and function of biological membranes: fluid mosaic model; transport across the membrane.
Cellular communication: methods of communication between cells.
Cell cycle and its regulation: phases of the cycle; control system; apoptosis; the tumor cell.
Reproduction of living beings: asexual and sexual reproduction; mitosis, meiosis and their comparison; gametogenesis; fertilization; differentiation.
DNA replication: central dogma of biology; Meselson and Stahl experiment; replication at the molecular level; repair of DNA damage.
Transcription: various types of RNA; RNA synthesis; maturation of messenger RNAs.
Translation and the genetic code: genetic code and its properties; mechanism of protein synthesis; post-synthetic fate of proteins.
The eukaryotic genome: chromatin structure; the nucleosome; gene structure (introns-exons); control of gene expression.
Viruses: structure; bacterial, animal and plant viruses; cell-virus interactions.
Human chromosomes and their modes of segregation during mitosis and meiosis
Organization of DNA and chromatin in chromosomes
The equational division of somatic cells
The reductive division of germ cells
Gametogenesis and fertilization
The Mendelian laws that regulate the transmission of genes: correlation between genotype and phenotype
From gene to protein and phenotype: relationship between genotype and phenotype
Allelic interactions: dominant alleles, recessive alleles and codominance
Law of segregation of characters and principle of independent assortment
The modes of transmission of monogenic traits in humans
Examples of monogenic hereditary diseases with Mendelian transmission (Cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, deafness)
Autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance
Penetrance and expressivity, multiple alleles (ABO blood groups, Rh).
Sex-linked inheritance
Mitochondrial inheritance
Genetic heterogeneity
Family trees

applied physics program
Introduction:
Role of the measurement. Fundamental and derived physical quantities. The international system of the unit of measurement. Recall on vectors (addition, subtraction, factorization).
Kinematics:
Trajectory, displacement, velocity, acceleration, uniform linear motion, uniformly accelerated motion.
Dynamics:
Principles of dynamics, gravitational force, force field, work of a force, mechanical energy, power.
Static:
Equilibrium conditions of a material point, rigid body, pair of forces, moment of a force, moment of a pair of forces, condition of equilibrium of a rigid body, center of gravity, stability of equilibrium, levers with examples of equilibrium of human body.
Statics and Dynamics of fluids:
States of aggregation of matter, density, pressure and its units of measurement, isotropy principle, Pascal, Stevino and Archimede, buoyancy, hydraulic jacks, Bernoulli theorem, real liquid, laminar and turbulent regime, Hagen-Poiseuile law, viscous drag.
Thermology:
Temperature, expansion thermometer, ideal gas law, heat, mechanical equivalent of calorie, specific heat, conduction, convection, radiation.
Electrostatics and currents:
Electric charge, Coulomb's law, potential and potential energy, potential difference, conductors and insulators, capacitance of a capacitor, electric current, Ohm's laws, resistor in series and in parallel, thermal effect.
Radiation:
Ionizing radiation, natural and artificial sources, radioactivity, decay, X-rays