Human Physiology

General physiology - cellular physiology - neurophysiology - Homeostasis - Control and regulation - Properties of the cell membrane - Intra and intercellular transport of water and solutes. Properties of excitable cells, ion channels, membrane potentials, action potential, propagation of action potentials, excitatory and inhibitory chemical synapses, neurotransmitters. Neuromuscular junction. - Muscle physiology - Striated muscle. Anatomical and molecular bases of muscle contraction. Muscle mechanics: the force-length diagram, the force-velocity diagram. Smooth muscle; The muscle of the wall of hollow organs. - Autonomic nervous system - Cardiovascular system - The functional significance of the circulatory system, characteristics of the vessels. The properties of the cardiac muscle. The electrical activity of the heart: ionic bases of pacemaker activity, transmembrane potentials of cardiac cells and their propagation through the conduction system. Notes on electrocardiography: the I, II and III leads and the precordial leads. Cardiac pump: the functions of the pump, mechanical events of the cardiac cycle, volume-pressure diagram of the left ventricle, heart sounds. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Arterial pressure. Hemodynamics: the large and small circulation. Flow, speed, resistance and pressure. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and arterial pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition - hemostasis. - Respiratory system - Functional significance of breathing. Respiratory muscles, variations in pressure, flow and pulmonary volume during breathing, surface tension of the alveoli, resistance to air flow. Spirometry. Alveolar and expired air - Dead space - Ventilation-perfusion relationship. Gaseous exchanges at alveolar and tissue levels. Transport of O2 and CO2 - Hemoglobin dissociation curve. Nervous control of respiration (notes). - Urinary system - Renal function: general information - Nephron - Renal circulation - Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance. Inulin clearance, PAI clearance. Tubular reabsorption. Tubular secretion. Regulation of water-salt balance - Countercurrent mechanism. Role of the kidney in controlling blood pressure - Renin-angiotensin system. Concentration and dilution of urine. Physiology of urination. - Water compartments of the body - Composition and volume of the water compartments of the body. Control of osmolarity and volume of body fluids. Regulation of water-salt balance. Acid-base balance: contribution of the renal and respiratory systems. Central Nervous System - Receptors, transduction of stimuli and central transmission of sensory information. Somatosensory system: epicritic and protopathic sensitivity. Pain modulation. Anatomical and functional organization of the motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, spinal interneurons and their organization. Spinal reflexes. Control of voluntary movement. - Digestive system - Organization and control mechanisms. Secretory function. Motility. Digestion and absorption of the main nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. - Energy metabolism - Metabolism of nutrient factors. Energy balance: basal metabolism, energy metabolism and thermoregulation. - Endocrine system - Hormones and their mechanism of action. Endocrine control of metabolism: insulin and glucagon. Hypothalamic-pituitary axis.