Istologia e genetica

The Genome of Eukaryotes - Chromatin Structure - The Nucleosome - Intron-Exon Gene Structure Reproduction of Living beings: Asexual and Sexual Reproduction; Mitosis and Meiosis; Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mendelian laws governing gene transmission and the correlation between genotype and phenotype.
Law of character segregation and principle of independent assortment.
Allelic Interactions: Dominant Alleles, Recessive Alleles, and Epistasis and Codominance Penetrance and expressivity; multiple alleles (ABO and Rh blood groups).
Gene association and gene recombination; gene mapping.
Gene mutations and their effects on the protein product.
Human Karyotype: Numerical and Structural Chromosomal Mutations and Their Consequences on Phenotype Modes of transmission of monogenic traits in humans.
Family Trees Autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance X-chromosome-related inheritance Mitochondrial inheritance Reproduction of Living Things Gametogenesis Fertilization Early Stages of Differentiation.
Autosomic dominant and recessive inheritance
X-linked inheritance
Mitocondrial inheritance
Human being reproduction: gametogenesis, fertilization, early phases of differentiation
Diseases due to autosomic dominant and recessive, X-linked (i.e. cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, deafness, albinism, color blindness)
Poligenic diseases
Mithocondrial genome and mitocondrial diseases
Viral genome and related diseases
Karyotype and methods to identify deletions and duplications; related diseases (ie. Cri du Chat)
Aneuploidy and related disease (diseases due to trisomy of autosomes and aneuploidy of sexual chromosomes)
Epigenetics
Chromatin and gene methylation
Methylation during gametogenesis and embryogenesis
Other epigenetic modifications
Diseases related to epigenetic alterations (ie. Rett Syndrome)
How to analyze DNA
Classical methodologies (Sanger, RFLP)
Novel methodologies, Next Generation Sequencing
Databases for variant analysis

Histological methods for the study of cells and tissues.
- Tissue preparation. Principles of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Optical and electronic microscopy. Use of vital dyes and fluorescent dyes.
Eukaryotic cell:
- Organization and Structure. Plasma membrane, Nucleus and cell cycle. Cytoplasmic organelles: Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Endosomes and lysosomes. Peroxisome. Mitochondria. The cytoskeleton. Cilia. Centrosome and mitotic system. Endocytosis and exocytosis.
Epithelial tissues:
- Lining epithelium, glandular epithelium and sensory epithelium. Cell specializations.
Connective tissues:
- Connective tissue cells and extracellular matrix.
- Connective tissue proper; adipose tissue; cartilage; bone tissue and bone formation mechanisms; blood, lymphatic tissues, immune system.
Muscle tissue:
- skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue. Muscle contraction mechanism.
Nervous tissue
- Neurons and glial cells. Nerve fibers. Transmission of nerve impulse.
Tissue homeostasis and stem cells.
Tooth: Structure of the tooth. Enamel. Dentin. Cementum. Dental pulp. Periodontium. Odontogenesis.
Human Embryology
- Testis. Spermatogenesis. Ovary. Oogenesis. Ovulation. Ovarian cycle, uterine cycle. Hormonal control.
- Fertilization. Pre-implantation development. Embryo implantation. Amniotic cavity, bilaminar embryonic disc and primary yolk sac. Development of the body symmetry axes. Mechanisms of histogenesis: molecular basis of the development of the human embryo and histological differentiation genes.
- Ectoderm derivatives: Epithelial coating of the body. Derivatives of the tube and neural crest: development of the nervous system.
- Endoderm derivatives: development of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems.
- Mesoderm derivatives: development of the skeletal and muscular systems, the urogenital system, the body cavities and the cardiovascular system