Physics and Statistics

· Introduction and Systems of Measurement: The role of measurement in everyday life and science. The British Imperial System and historical criteria for divisibility. The International System of Units (SI): the 7 base units (with a focus on the meter, kilogram, second, and ampere), decimal multiples and submultiples, and the system's advantages and limitations.
· Mechanics (Kinematics and Dynamics):
◦ Quantitative definition of velocity, average velocity, and instantaneous velocity; calculations and unit conversions. Graphical representation of motion. Kinematic study of bodies: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion (gravitational acceleration on Earth and the Moon), and simple harmonic motion.
◦ Newtonian dynamics and the causes of motion: the three laws of motion (inertia, proportionality between force and acceleration, action and reaction). The concept of inertial mass and the difference between mass and weight. Forces and statics of bodies.
· Work, Energy, and Power: Physical definition of work and its units (Joule, calorie, kWh). The concept of energy as the capacity to do work; forms of energy (kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic, chemical, thermal, electrical, and sound) and real-life examples of conversion and efficiency. Law of conservation of energy. Definition of power and calculation of energy consumption; notes on production and energy sources.
· Wave phenomena and acoustics:
◦ Oscillatory motions: free oscillations, damped oscillations (viscous forces and critical damping), and resonance phenomena (examples include swings, sound boxes, earthquake-resistant buildings, and satellites).
◦ Definition of wave: propagation of energy without the passage of matter. Transverse and longitudinal waves (seismic waves, sea waves). Definition of pressure in fluids (Pascal and atmosphere) and the microscopic mechanism of sound wave propagation as pressure waves (compression and rarefaction).
◦ Sinusoidal waves and their characteristics: amplitude, frequency (limits of human hearing, ultrasound, equal-pitched sound levels), and phase. Sound intensity and the inverse-square law. Sensory perception and the Weber-Fechner law; a mathematical introduction to the logarithmic scale and measurement in decibels (dB).
◦ Interaction between waves: the principle of superposition and the phenomenon of interference (constructive, destructive, and noise-canceling headphones). The relationship between the speed of sound, frequency, and wavelength. The phenomenon of beats, echoes, and reverberations.
◦ Musical instruments and frequency decomposition: timbre and standing waves (nodes and antinodes). String instruments and harmonic series; wind instruments (open and closed-open pipes). Theorem and Fourier transform for spectral analysis of sound and noise; notes on acoustic filtering. The Doppler effect: variations in frequency and wavelength as waves approach and recede.

1.Metrology (3 Hours):
direct and indirect measurements, physical quantities, units of measurement, measuring instruments, characteristics and criteria for choosing measuring instruments, sensitivity, precision and readiness; Systematic and random errors, confidence intervals; orders of magnitude and significant figures.

2. Study of uncertainties in physical measurements (3 hours):
error propagation (sum, difference, product, quotient, quadrature sum). Measurement errors and their representation: confidence interval, significant figures, consistency / discrepancy between measurements, verification of physical laws.

3. Electricity elements (6 Hours):
Coulomb's law. Electrostatic field. Gauss theorem and its applications. Electrostatic potential. Conductors and insulators. Capacity concept. Series and parallel capacitors. Dielectric effect in capacitors. Energy stored in a condenser. The movement of the charges: intensity of electric current. Ohmic conductors. Ohm's laws. The power associated with a device as a function of current and voltage. Ideal voltage generators. Internal resistance of the generator. Introduction to Kirchhoff's laws of circuits. Resolution of a circuit. Series and parallel resistors.

4. Elements of magnetostatics (3 hours):
General information on the magnetic field. Lorentz force. Magnetic field flow. Outline of the magnetic behavior of materials: diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism.

5. Instrumentation for electrical measurements (3):
Ammeters, Voltmeters, Basic operating principles. Digital tester and multimeter. Operating principles and applications.

6. Dedicated exercises (2 hours)

1. The statistical language
- what the medical statistician does
- data collection
- the measurement scales of the information collected
- how to summarize and describe the data
- critical interpretation of the data
- images and numbers as a description tool
- one thing at a time or several things together: describe individual aspects or describe relationships.
2. Uncertainty
- how to deal with uncertainty
- how to make it an instrument of knowledge
- know the probabilities and quantify the risks
- measurement errors and their distribution.
- an example of certain uncertainties: population screening
3. How to build knowledge
- epidemiological studies and clinical studies: what they are, how they plan, which tools they use
- the uncertain causal relationship: measuring the risks and understanding their significance in the epidemiological field
4. Know through (and despite) the case
- know how to use the appropriate rules
- from population to sample, from sample to population
- put trust in what I see to know what I don't see (inference)
- the confidence interval or perhaps a very precise one