Toxicology

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
· Principles of Toxicology
· Mechanisms of Toxicity
· Methods of in vitro toxicology
NON-ORGAN-DIRECTED TOXICITY
· Developmental toxicology
· Genetic toxicology
· Carcinogenesis
TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY
· Toxic responses of the respiratory system
· Toxic responses of the immune system
· Toxic responses of the Nervous System
· Toxic responses of the kidney
· Toxic responses of the liver
· Toxic responses of the skin
· Toxic responses of the heart
· Toxic responses of the ocular and visual system
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL AGENTS TOXICITY
· Pesticides
· solvents
· radioactivity
· Metals
· Natural Toxins
RISK ASSESSMENT
· Risk assessment

· Principles of Toxicology
· Understanding of the concepts of general pharmacology applied to toxicology (relationship dose-effect, risk, local and systemic effects, secondary effects, and toxic effects of drugs and other xenobiotics.
· Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics
· Concepts related to the absorption and the biotransformation of drugs and other xenobiotics and their elimination.
· Molecular mechanisms of toxicity
· Understanding of the primary mechanisms of cellular toxicity, definition of apoptosis and necrosis and markers of cellular damage.
· Relevant classes of toxicants (metals, natural toxins, pesticides, solvents, etc..)
· Main systems and target organs of toxic substances (including the effects of genotoxicants, carcinogens and teratogens)
· Pre-Clinical experiments and main toxicological tests
· Diet-drugs interactions
· Concept of human risk
· Definition of the protection criteria of human health from the risk deriving from the direct intake (drugs, food additives, etc.) or indirect intake (environmental pollution, industrial solvents, etc.) of chemical and biological substances.