Biology and Genetics

Characteristics of living organisms: cell theory; cell study methods; prokaryotic cells; eukaryotic cells; hierarchical organization in biology; evolution of organisms.
· Characteristics of biological marcomolecules: lipids, nucleic acids and proteins.
· Structure and organization of the eukaryotic cell: cell compartmentalization; cell organelles; ribosomes; cytoskeleton; junctions; matrix.
· Structure and function of biological membranes: fluid mosaic model; transport through the membrane.
· Cellular communication: communication mode between cells.
· Cell cycle and its regulation: cycle phases; control system.
· DNA replication: central dogma of biology; Meselson and Stahl experiment; molecular replication; DNA damage repair.
Transcription: various types of RNA; synthesis of RNA; maturation of messenger RNAs.
· Translation and genetic code: genetic code and its properties; protein synthesis mechanism; post-synthetic fate of proteins.
· The genome of eukaryotes: structure of chromatin; the nucleosome; gene structure (intron-exons); control of gene expression.
· Virus: structure; bacterial, animal and plant viruses; cell-virus interactions

· Molecular basis of heredity: genes, chromosomes; somatic and germ cells; karyotype; mitosis and meiosis; gametogenesis and fertilization; sex determination; inactivation of the X chromosome.
- Numerical and structural anomalies of the karyotype. · Mendelian genetics: gene, allele, locus; Mendel's laws; genotype and phenotype; interactions between alleles; multiple allelism (ABO).
- Classification of gene mutations · Characters and Inheritance: genealogical trees; monogenic genetic diseases: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked inheritance, mitochondrial inheritance. Examples of genetic diseases: isolated and syndromic deafness. Multifactorial diseases. · Pre- and postnatal genetic tests.

· Clinical Biochemistry: introduction, aims, definitions
· Levels of intervention of the laboratory. Types of tests, blood sample, urine sample, other types of biological sample
· Concept of total variability; Biological variability and factors that influence the preparation of the subject / patient. Pre-analytical variability: sampling, storage, transport delivery, acceptability criteria of a biological sample. Analytical variability, types of errors, reliability of an assay method, post-analytical variability: reporting
· Reference values, analytical goals and the critical difference
· Diagnostic logic: clinical sensitivity and specificity, predictive values
In-depth study of some topics chosen by the teacher (The role of the Laboratory in myocardial infarction, diabetes, liver diseases, dyslipidemias ...)