Biological Sciences (Physiology, General biochemistry and clinical biochemistry, Applied Biology)

1) Cell Physiology
- transports
- diffusion - osmotic pressure
- resting membrane potential- equilibrium potentials
- graduated potentials
2) Action Potential
- Genesys of the action potential
- Absolute and relative refractory period
- Action potential conduction-myelin sheath
3) Synapse
- chemical and electric synapse
- mechanisms of synaptic release
- synaptic modulation
4) Central nervous system general organization
- somatosensorial system
- somatosensorial receptors
- sensorial pathways
5) Skeletal muscles
- molecolar description-actin and myosin crossbridge cycling
- sliding filament- role of calcium iones
- motor pathways
- neuromuscolar fuses
6) Respiratory apparatus
- respiratory mechanics
- Gas exchange and transport
- Hemoglobin
7) Cardiovascular system
- cardiac cycle
- electrophysiology of cardiac cells
- regulation of heart pumping
- arterial pressure regulation
8) renal system
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption and transports
- ADH and aldosteron mechanisms
9) digestive apparatus- anatomical description
- chewing, salivation, swallowing
- gastric functions, secretions, actions
- control of gastric functions
- nutrients digestion absorption and transports
- hints of liver and pancreas functionality
10) methabolism
- basal methabolism
- anabolism and catabolism
- body temperature control
- fever
11) endocrinology
- hypothalamus and hypophysis
- growth hormone
- thyroid hormones
- adrenal glands: stress

1) The atom, electronegativity and ionization potential
- periodic table of the elements
- chemical bonds: neutral and polarized covalent, ionic, hydrogen bridges
2) The water:
- molecular structure, chemical and biological properties
- aqueous solutions: strong and weak electrolytes, pH, buffer systems, osmotic pressure
3) Proteins:
- amino acids: molecular structure, chemical and biological properties
- proteins: structures (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)
- structure / function relationship of proteins. Examples: collagen
- glycoproteins and proteoglycans
4) The blood:
- blood composition
- hemoglobin: structure, functions and function adjustments
- myoglobin: structure, functions
- the blood transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
5) The enzymes:
- the variations of Gibbs free energy associated with the reactions: exoergonic and endoergonic reactions
- enzymatic catalysis and activation energy
- Michaelis Menten's law: the meaning of Km
- enzymatic regulation: allosteric, covalent, pH effect, temperature effect, competitive and non-competitive inhibitors
- coenzymes and cofactors
6) NADH and FADH2: structure, function
- the mitochondrial structure and enzymes of the electron transport chain
- generation of the electrochemical gradient between mitochondrial membranes and ATP synthesis
- ATP: structure and function
7) The Krebs cycle
- function of Acetyl-Coenzyme A
- performance in the mitochondria, main intermediates of the metabolic cycle
- energy balance, intermediates common to other metabolic pathways
8) The metabolism of carbohydrates:
- structure of carbohydrates and food sugars
- the entry of glucose into cells: hexokinase
- glycolysis: energy balance
- lactic acid and the Cori cycle
- gluconeogenesis: main metabolic intermediates, energy balance
- glycogen: structure and function
- glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis
- hexokinase and glucokinase
- insulin and glucagon: hormonal control of kinase / phosphatase that regulate glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis
9) The extramitochondrial oxidation of glucose and the shunt of pentose-phosphates
10) The metabolism of lipids:
- structure of dietary fats
- oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty acids: subcellular compartmentalization, main metabolic intermediates and their relationship with other metabolic pathways, energy balance
- the triglycerides of the adipocytes: structure, function, recycling and origin of the glycerol
- biosynthesis of phospholipids
- insulin and glucagon: hormonal control of kinases / phosphatases that regulate triglyceride lipase
11) The metabolism of proteins:
- proteins as sources of nitrogen, role of nitrogen and nitrogen balance in the body
- metabolism of the amino group: transamination and oxidative deamination, carbamyl phosphate (structure and function) and the urea cycle
- the metabolism of the carbon skeleton: metabolic intermediates and their relationship with other metabolic pathways

1) Clinical Biochemistry: introduction, aims, definitions
-Intervention levels of the laboratory. Diagnostic test concepts and its purposes (screening, diagnostic study, disease monitoring)
2) The pre-analytical phase and its sources of variability
- Preparation of the patient
- Sampling, treatment, transport and storage of biological samples: blood, urine, feces, spinal fluid (liquor), pouring liquids into the serous cavities, synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, seminal fluid, gastric juice, sweat.
- Acceptability criteria of a biological sample
3) Concept of total variability
- Biological variability and factors that influence it
- Analytical variability
-Types of errors. Reliability of a dosage method.
4) Reference values
- concept of reference interval
- concept of decision values
- concept of critical difference
5) Deepening of some topics chosen by the teacher (for example: monitoring of diabetes, lipid structure, renal function, biochemistry of saliva, cardiac markers, plasma proteins, tumor markers ... etc).

1. Fundamental characteristics of living matter:
-properties of living matter
- cells and organisms
- cell theory
- hierarchy of biological organization
2. Structure and cellular organization:
- eukaryotic cell
- main evolutionary theories: invagination, and endosymbiosis
- advantages and evidence in favor of these theories
- monocellular and multicellular organisms
- compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells
3. Chemical composition of living matter:
- inorganic and organic compounds
- biological macromolecules
- biological importance of water
- structure and function of nucleic acids
4. Flow of information in living matter:
- the central dogma of biology
- demonstration that DNA is the hereditary material
- Meselson and Stahl experiment
- DNA duplication,
- general information on the structure of the eukaryotic gene: introns and exons
- chromatin organization
5. Transcription and translation
- notes on the mechanisms of transcription and maturation of mRNAs
- structure of the ribosome
- tRNA structure
- genetic code
- translation
6. Cell cycle
- reproduction of eukaryotic cells, mitosis, meiosis,
- crossing-over and genetic variability
7. Notes on the regulation of gene expression