Semiotics and Pathology of Systems 1

A.Y. 2024/2025
17
Max ECTS
204
Overall hours
SSD
MED/03 MED/09 MED/10 MED/11 MED/14 MED/18 MED/24
Language
Italian
Learning objectives
The purpose of this course is to provide essential knowledge on: i) learn how to conduct a medical and anamnestic interview, and apply the correct steps of a medical examination; ii) understand the patho-physiological features of acute and chronic diseases and recognize the most relevant signs and symptoms of respiratory, cardiovascular, nephrological, and urological diseases.
Expected learning outcomes
The students:
a) know how to collect medical and anamnestic data in a clinical record;
b) know how to perform and apply the correct steps of a medical examination;
c) understand the patho-physiological features of acute and chronic diseases and recognize the most relevant signs and symptoms of respiratory, cardiovascular, nephrological, and urological diseases.
Single course

This course cannot be attended as a single course. Please check our list of single courses to find the ones available for enrolment.

Course syllabus and organization

Single session

Prerequisites for admission
Student must have passed the exams of Human Physiology and General Pathology and Physiopathology
Based on the knowledge acquired in the "Physiology", "Pathology" and "Biology and Genetics" courses, the student will gain understanding of pathophysiology basis regarding cardiovascular, respiratory, and nephron-urological diseases.
Assessment methods and Criteria
The exam consists:
· of a theoretical-practical test on the main maneuvers of the physical examination of the patient, performed on a dummy. The evaluation of the test contributes to the final vote. Passing the practice test with a minimum of 18/30 allows admission to the oral exam.
. of a multichoice test of Medical Genetics
· of an oral test in which the student will be evaluated for her/his ability to express with clarity and language appropriateness the most relevant characteristics of cardiovascular, respiratory, and nephron-urological diseases..
Passing the test will result in a mark expressed in thirtieths. No intermediate tests are planned
Medical genetics
Course syllabus
Cystic fibrosis
Classic and non-classical forms
Genetics: genotype / phenotype correlations, allelic heterogeneity, modifier genes, mutational analysis
Therapeutic perspectives

Genetic factors for male infertility
Chromosomal abnormalities (Klinefelter syndrome, Y chromosome microdeletions)
Monogenic diseases (CFTR, AR)
Mitochondrial DNA alterations

Hereditary cardiomyopathies
Hypertrophic, arrhythmogenic, dilatative, or restrictive cardiomyopathies: genetic bases and pathogenetic mechanisms
Cardiac canalopathies (eg long QT and Brugada syndromes)
Conduction defects
Secondary cardiomyopathies: mitochondrial diseases

Cardiac malformations with a genetic basis (syndromic and non)
Chromosomal syndromes (eg Down and DiGeorge syndromes)
Monogenic syndromes: RASopathies

Renal diseases with a genetic basis
Hereditary renal cystic diseases: Polycystic kidney
Glomerular renal diseases
Congenital nephrotic syndromes
Teaching methods
Each credit is made up of hours of frontal and innovative teaching. The innovative teaching activities consist in the deepening of topics, present in the program and agreed with the students, carried out in active collaboration between teachers and students.
The program will be carried out through lectures with the help of teaching material (slides and / or videos), and practical hospital activities, in which the student will learn how to collect data hystory and to make a physical examination.
Teaching Resources
GENETICA MEDICA - G. Neri, M. Genuardi, Genetica umana e medica, Edra Masson Ed.
Thompson & Thompson Genetica in Medicina, EdiSES
Internal medicine
Course syllabus
General physical examination of the adult, measurement of vital parameters, evaluation of peripheral arterial pulses and venous insufficiency, physical examination for anatomical systems and description of the findings (head, neck, thorax, abdomen, limbs, breast, palpation and description of the characteristics of the swellings encountered).
The professional activities concern the same objectives and teach the main manual maneuvers (palpation, percussion)
Teaching methods
Each credit is made up of hours of frontal and innovative teaching. The innovative teaching activities consist in the deepening of topics, present in the program and agreed with the students, carried out in active collaboration between teachers and students.
The program will be carried out through lectures with the help of teaching material (slides and / or videos), and practical hospital activities, in which the student will learn how to collect data hystory and to make a physical examination.
Teaching Resources
Harrison Principi di Medicina Interna
Respiratory diseases
Course syllabus
Clinical approach to respiratory failure: definition, diagnostic overview and evaluation of severity; distinction between acute and chronic respiratory failure; basis of treatment with special attention to oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilatioin (non-invasive and invasive), principles of caring for patient with tracheostomy.

Students are required to master basic epidemiology, main pathophysiology, clinical presentation and the diagnostic approach for the following diseases:

Obstructive diseases: bronchial asthma; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); bronchiectasis; basic of smoking cessation
Restrictive diseases: interstitial lung diseases; restrictive neuromuscular diseases
Adult sleep disorder breathing: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)
Adult sleep disorder breathing other than OSAS
Pleural and mediastinal diseases: pleural effusion; pneumothorax; mediastinal tumors mediastinal syndrome
Infectious pulmonary diseases: pneumonia; tuberculosis
Vascular pulmonary diseases: pulmonary thromboembolism; pulmonary hypertension
Lung tumors
Lung cyctic diseases


Approach to the clinical techniques and diagnostic tests in the field of respiratory:
Cardiopulmonary exercise test
Radiological approach to chest diseases
Chest ultrasound
Interventional pulmonology: thoracentesis, chest drains and medical thoracoscopy
Interventional pulmonology: flexible and rigid bronchoscopy
Teaching methods
Each credit is made up of hours of frontal and innovative teaching. The innovative teaching activities consist in the deepening of topics, present in the program and agreed with the students, carried out in active collaboration between teachers and students.
The program will be carried out through lectures with the help of teaching material (slides and / or videos), and practical hospital activities, in which the student will learn how to collect data hystory and to make a physical examination.
Teaching Resources
Harrison Principi di Medicina Interna
Cardiovascular diseases
Course syllabus
Approach to the patient with cardiovascular disease: how to recognize the presentation syndromes of the patient with CV disease (arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, main arrhythmias), how to measure heart function, which tests are useful in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.
Approach to the patient with CV disease first: how to distinguish heart failure, angina pectoris, hypertensive crisis and major arrhythmia.
Principles of atherosclerosis and development of the ATS plaque
Ischemic cardiopathy
Cardiovascular prevention principles
Imaging, CT, RM,
CCH
Teaching methods
Each credit is made up of hours of frontal and innovative teaching. The innovative teaching activities consist in the deepening of topics, present in the program and agreed with the students, carried out in active collaboration between teachers and students.
The program will be carried out through lectures with the help of teaching material (slides and / or videos), and practical hospital activities, in which the student will learn how to collect data hystory and to make a physical examination.
Teaching Resources
Harrison Principi di Medicina Interna
Nephrology
Course syllabus
Description: The purpose of this module is to provide essential knowledge of the kidney role in maintaining the body homeostasis, both in patients with renal diseases and in patients with other conditions, such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, in which kidneys play a pivotal role in the genesis and the response of the organism to the disease process. The module offers the unique opportunity to systematically explore specific renal disorders, like the glomerulopathies, and an introduction to very relevant clinical syndromes, such as acute and chronic kidney disease.
Course Relevance: The knowledge of signs and symptoms (semeiotics) in nephrology and the ability to identify the clinical presentation of renal diseases represent an essential part of the medical heritage and practice. It is of utmost importance in the everyday clinical and surgical practice, if we consider the high incidence of both acute (mostly in surgical setting) and chronic kidney injury (mostly in internal medicine). Also, the ability to detect the first signs and symptoms of a specific renal disease is crucial for an early nephrology referral. Despite the intended field of specialization in medicine, we believe that this module is very important both for the future physician and the future surgeon.
General requirements: Successful participants will be able to:
· Recognize the most relevant signs and symptoms of disease.
· Learn how to conduct a medical and anamnestic interview.
· Plan the best approach to the patient.
· Apply the correct steps of a medical examination.
· Understand the pathophysiological features of acute and chronic renal diseases.
· Develop a deep knowledge of the principal renal syndromes.
· Differentiate between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome.
· Understand the main etiologies and the clinical features of acute kidney injury.
· Understand the main etiologies and the clinical features of chronic kidney injury.
· Develop a broad understanding of the role of kidneys in the pathogenesis of electrolyte disturbances
· Develop a broad knowledge of genetic abnormalities determining renal diseases
· Understand how to collect critical information about renal diseases from the patient's clinical history.
· Apply the correct steps of medical examination in a patient with renal disease.
· Demonstrate the ability in diagnosing and characterizing a case of acute kidney injury.
· Understand how to stage kidney injury upon the creatinine serum levels and the corresponding glomerular filtration rate.
· Understand how proteinuria affects severity of kidney disease and its progression.
· Demonstrate the ability in detecting the condition of body fluid overload.
Teaching methods
Each credit is made up of hours of frontal and innovative teaching. The innovative teaching activities consist in the deepening of topics, present in the program and agreed with the students, carried out in active collaboration between teachers and students.
The program will be carried out through lectures with the help of teaching material (slides and / or videos), and practical hospital activities, in which the student will learn how to collect data hystory and to make a physical examination.
Teaching Resources
Harrison Principi di Medicina Interna
General surgery
Course syllabus
General physical examination of the adult, measurement of vital parameters, evaluation of peripheral arterial pulses and venous insufficiency, physical examination for anatomical systems and description of the findings (head, neck, thorax, abdomen, limbs, breast, palpation and description of the characteristics of the swellings encountered).
The professional activities concern the same objectives and teach the main manual maneuvers (palpation, percussion)
Teaching methods
Each credit is made up of hours of frontal and innovative teaching. The innovative teaching activities consist in the deepening of topics, present in the program and agreed with the students, carried out in active collaboration between teachers and students.
The program will be carried out through lectures with the help of teaching material (slides and / or videos), and practical hospital activities, in which the student will learn how to collect data hystory and to make a physical examination.
Teaching Resources
Harrison Principi di Medicina Interna
Urology
Course syllabus
- Hematuria: clinical and diagnostic management
- Prostate cancer: from diagnosis to therapy
- Urinary stones: from pathogenesis to clinical and therapeutic management
- BPH : from pathogenesis to clinical and therapeutic management
- Bladder cancer: clinical ,diagnostic and therapeutic management
- Kidney cancers : clinical ,diagnostic and therapeutic management
-Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: clinical ,diagnostic and therapeutic management
- Testis cancer and penile cancer : clinical ,diagnostic and therapeutic management
Teaching methods
Each credit is made up of hours of frontal and innovative teaching. The innovative teaching activities consist in the deepening of topics, present in the program and agreed with the students, carried out in active collaboration between teachers and students.
The program will be carried out through lectures with the help of teaching material (slides and / or videos), and practical hospital activities, in which the student will learn how to collect data hystory and to make a physical examination.
Teaching Resources
Urologia per studenti e medici chirurghi - di Salvatore Micali e Bernardo Rocco. Ed. Edelson Gnocchi
Cardiovascular diseases
MED/11 - CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES - University credits: 5
Lessons: 40 hours
: 20 hours
Shifts:
Turno
Professors: Bursi Francesca, Guazzi Marco
General surgery
MED/18 - GENERAL SURGERY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 8 hours
: 4 hours
Professor: Ghelma Filippo
Shifts:
Turno
Professor: Ghelma Filippo
Internal medicine
MED/09 - INTERNAL MEDICINE - University credits: 1
Lessons: 8 hours
: 4 hours
Professor: Podda Gianmarco
Shifts:
Turno
Professor: Podda Gianmarco
Medical genetics
MED/03 - MEDICAL GENETICS - University credits: 1
Lessons: 8 hours
: 4 hours
Professor: Miozzo Monica Rosa
Shifts:
Turno
Professor: Miozzo Monica Rosa
Nephrology
MED/14 - NEPHROLOGY - University credits: 4
Lessons: 32 hours
: 16 hours
Shifts:
Turno
Professor: Cozzolino Mario Gennaro
Respiratory diseases
MED/10 - RESPIRATORY DISEASES - University credits: 4
Lessons: 32 hours
: 16 hours
Shifts:
Turno
Professors: Di Marco Fabiano, Mondoni Michele
Urology
MED/24 - UROLOGY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 8 hours
: 4 hours
Professor: Ferro Matteo
Shifts:
Turno
Professor: Ferro Matteo