Postgraduate School of Ophtalmology

Integrated training objectives (i.e. common core)
The trainee must have acquired satisfactory theoretical knowledge and professional competence in the clinical and instrumental diagnosis and treatment, even in emergency-urgent conditions, of the most common surgical pathologies. The trainee must acquire the fundamental knowledge of physiopathology of the various organs and systems, the theoretical and practical knowledge necessary for the recognition of diseases that affect the various systems of the organism, the theoretical and practical knowledge of the main sectors of instrumental and laboratory diagnostics relating to the aforementioned diseases, the acquisition of the ability to evaluate internal and specialist connections and influences. He must therefore be able to recognize the symptoms and clinical-functional signs with which diseases of various organs and systems manifest themselves, having acquired the fundamental diagnostic, therapeutic, psychological and ethical knowledge necessary for a global vision of the patient and to evaluate intersystem connections. To this end, he must develop the ability to clinically frame the patient on the basis of the anamnesis and objective examination; develop critical and analytical diagnostic skills; become familiar with the main diagnostic procedures and laboratory-instrumental investigations; recognize and be able to deal with the main medical emergencies; become familiar with the therapeutic resources to plan their optimal use and recognize their indications and contraindications, as well as the interaction effects and possible iatrogenic incidents; acquire the fundamental notions relating to clinical research methodologies and pharmacological trials; know the fundamental problems relating to prevention, public health and social medicine. The trainee must also have acquired satisfactory theoretical knowledge and professional competence in the recognition and treatment, in emergency-urgency conditions, of the most common pathologies. Finally, the trainee must know, from a clinical and therapeutic perspective, the most common pathologies within the competence of the other typologies of the class.

Basic training objectives
- The acquisition of in-depth knowledge of anatomy, physiopathology and pharmacology related to the type of School;
- The knowledge necessary for the epidemiological evaluation and the classification of clinical cases also through computer systems;
- The organization and management of health services according to the most recent directives, knowledge of the principles of asepsis and antisepsis and of the problems inherent in the organization and environmental hygiene of operating rooms and surgical departments;
- The acquisition of skills and practical experience necessary for an overall clinical evaluation of the patient; knowledge of the medico-legal aspects related to their profession and the laws and regulations that govern health care.

The trainee must also acquire the knowledge base necessary to organize and manage their activity as an Ophthalmologist in relation to the characteristics of the structures in which they are called to operate.

Training objectives of the type of School
- The acquisition through the common core of the fundamental knowledge relevant to the objective clinical examination and surgical medicine;
- Knowledge of parasurgical equipment and surgical instruments and suture materials as well as traditional and advanced parasurgical and surgical techniques and methods;
- A basic knowledge and the related practical experience necessary to personally define and verify, on the basis of the overall evaluation of the disease and the patient, a correct diagnostic definition of the pathology in individual patients and the indication of the most suitable type of treatment based on the risks, benefits and results for each individual patient;
- Be able to address, plan and monitor the management of the rehabilitation process;
- Be able to address and resolve problems related to the setting and management of the immediate postoperative course and remote checks on the basis of an overall evaluation of the disease and the patient;
- Be able to personally deal with the execution of emergency surgical procedures; be able to correlate the general characterizing training activities with the specific ones characterizing the type of School;
- Be able to address, plan and monitor the management of the rehabilitation process

The objectives of the School typology are those of the Scientific Disciplinary sector MED/30 Diseases of the Visual System
- The acquisition of theoretical, scientific and professional knowledge for carrying out healthcare activities in the field of Ophthalmology, in pediatric and adult age; the acquisition of skills in the field of optics, physiopathology, physiopathology, instrumental semiotics, clinic and therapy of diseases of the visual system, with specific knowledge of the operating techniques in parasurgery and ophthalmic surgery, of advanced microsurgical methodologies and of surgical ones in the reconstructive field;
- The acquisition of specific skills in Emergency Ophthalmology;
- The acquisition of specific skills in Ocular Traumatology.

They are similar or integrative objectives
- The acquisition of basic knowledge, of those specific to the class, of those similar, and of the relative experience necessary to diagnose and treat pathologies of common interest with the other typologies of the class or of other classes;
- The ability to recognize, diagnose and set the treatment, defining, in an overall vision, the priority in cases of multiple pathologies or lesions in patients who require the necessary use of specialists of the typologies mentioned above.

Mandatory professionalizing activities to achieve the objectives of the typology are:
having provided direct assistance in a general surgery and emergency surgery and emergency room department for a period of two months and a period of two months in an internal medicine department;
a) at least 30 major surgery procedures, of which 10% as first operator. The rest as second operator;
b) at least 70 medium surgery procedures, of which 25% as first operator. The rest as second operator;
c) at least 150 minor surgery procedures, of which 40% as first operator (outpatient and D.H. surgery procedures are included), the rest as second operator; d) at least 40 laser retinal treatments; e) at least 40 parasurgery procedures for refractive errors and/or on the anterior segment. Demonstrate having provided direct and responsible assistance, with related diagnostic and therapeutic actions, to an adequate number of elective, critical and emergency/urgent patients.

The trainee may compete for the diploma after completing the professionalizing activity.
The trainee, as part of the training path, must learn the scientific bases of the School typology in order to achieve full maturity and professional competence that includes an adequate capacity for interpreting scientific innovations and a critical knowledge that allows him to consciously manage both assistance and his own updating; in this context, participation in meetings, conferences and the production of scientific publications and periods of attendance in Italian and foreign institutions useful for his training may be foreseen.