Postgraduate School of Otolaryngology

Integrated Educational Objectives (i.e., Common Core)
The trainee must have acquired satisfactory theoretical knowledge and professional competence in the clinical and instrumental diagnosis and treatment, including in emergency situations, of the most common surgical conditions. The trainee must acquire fundamental knowledge of the pathophysiology of various organs and systems, the theoretical and practical knowledge necessary for recognizing diseases affecting the various body systems, the theoretical and practical knowledge of the main areas of instrumental and laboratory diagnostics related to the aforementioned diseases, and the ability to evaluate internal medicine and specialist connections and influences. Therefore, the trainee must be able to recognize the clinical and functional symptoms and signs of diseases affecting various organs and systems, having acquired the fundamental diagnostic, therapeutic, psychological, and ethical knowledge necessary for a comprehensive view of the patient and to evaluate intersystem connections. To this end, the trainee must develop the ability to clinically assess the patient based on the history and physical examination. Develop critical and analytical diagnostic skills; become familiar with the main diagnostic procedures and laboratory and instrumental investigations; recognize and be able to address major medical emergencies; familiarize themselves with therapeutic resources to plan their optimal use and recognize their indications and contraindications, as well as the effects of interactions and potential iatrogenic effects; acquire fundamental knowledge of clinical research methodologies and pharmacological trials; and understand the fundamental issues related to prevention, public health, and social medicine. Residents must also have acquired satisfactory theoretical knowledge and professional competence in the recognition and treatment, in emergency situations, of the most common pathologies. Finally, residents must have clinical and therapeutic knowledge of the most common pathologies covered by other categories of the class.

Basic Educational Objectives
- Acquire in-depth knowledge of anatomy, pathophysiology, and pharmacology related to the School's curriculum;
- The knowledge required for epidemiological assessment and clinical case classification, including through computerized systems;

- Organization and management of healthcare services according to the latest guidelines, knowledge of the principles of asepsis and antisepsis, and issues related to the organization and environmental hygiene of operating rooms and surgical departments;
- Acquisition of the skills and practical experience necessary for a comprehensive clinical assessment of the patient; knowledge of the medico-legal aspects related to their profession and the laws and regulations governing healthcare.

The trainee must also acquire the knowledge base necessary to organize and manage their ENT practice in relation to the characteristics of the facilities in which they will work.

Educational objectives of the School
- Acquisition, through a common core, of fundamental knowledge relevant to objective clinical examinations and surgical medicine;
- Knowledge of surgical instruments and suture materials, as well as traditional and alternative surgical techniques and methods;
- Basic knowledge and the relevant practical experience necessary to personally define and verify, based on a comprehensive assessment of the disease and the patient, a correct diagnostic definition of the pathology in individual patients and to recommend the most appropriate treatment based on the risks, benefits, and outcomes for each individual patient;
- Ability to address and resolve issues related to the planning and management of the pre- and immediate post-operative course and long-term follow-up based on a comprehensive assessment of the disease and the patient;
- Ability to personally perform emergency surgical procedures;
- Be able to correlate the general educational activities characterizing the program with those specific to the School.

The educational objectives characterizing the School (Scientific Disciplinary Sector MED/31 Otorhinolaryngology) are:
- The acquisition of theoretical, scientific, and professional knowledge for carrying out healthcare activities in the field of pathophysiology and clinical aspects of pediatric and adult ENT diseases, with specific expertise in functional and instrumental semiotics, methodology, and medical and surgical therapy in ENT and otoneuroradiology.

The similar or complementary objectives are:
- The acquisition of basic knowledge, class-specific knowledge, related knowledge, and the relevant experience necessary to diagnose and treat conditions of common interest with other programs in the program or other programs;
- The ability to recognize, diagnose and set the treatment, defining, in an overall vision, the priority in cases of multiple pathologies or lesions in patients who require the necessary use of specialists of the above-mentioned types


Mandatory professional development activities to achieve the objectives of this program include:
Attendance at a general surgery, emergency surgery, and emergency department for a period of two two-month periods
a) at least 30 major surgical procedures, 10% of which as first surgeon. The remainder as second surgeon;
b) at least 80 minor surgical procedures, 25% of which as first surgeon. The remainder as second surgeon;
c) at least 325 minor surgical procedures, 40% of which as first surgeon (including endoscopic surgery procedures as well as outpatient and in-patient procedures). The remainder as second surgeon.
Demonstrate having provided direct and responsible care, including related diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, to an adequate number of elective, critical, and emergency/urgent patients.

The trainee may apply for the diploma after completing the professional development activities.

As part of their training, the trainee will be expected to learn the scientific foundations of the School's approach, achieving full professional maturity and competence. This includes adequate interpretation of scientific innovations and the critical knowledge needed to effectively manage both patient care and their own professional development. This training may include participation in meetings, conferences, the production of scientific publications, and periods of attendance at qualified Italian and foreign institutions useful for their education.