Human Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.

Introduction to Physiology and cell physiology
Homeostasis and homeostatic control systems. The plasma membrane properties. Membrane transport of water and substances. Properties of excitable cells, ionic channels, membrane potential, generation and conduction of action potentials

Neurophysiology and muscular physiology
Electrical and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Skeleton muscle: neuromuscular junction, striated muscle fibers. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle mechanics. Length/tension and force/velocity relationships and muscular work. Recruitment order of motor units. Mechanical and electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
Central Nervous System: sensory receptors, transduction and central sensorial information transmission. Somatosensory system, proprioceptors and exteroceptors. Pain and central mechanisms controlling pain. Special senses: hearing, vision, position sense and taste. Anatomo-fuctional organization of motor system, alpha and gamma motor neurons, organization of spinal interneurons. Spinal reflexes. Control of Voluntary movement. Autonomic nervous system.

Cardiovascular System
Functional meaning of cardiovascular system. Cardiac muscle and blood vessel properties. Electrical activity of the heart: pacemaker, conductive and contractile cardiac cells. Electrocardiography: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and precordial leads. The heart as a pump: cardiac functions, cardiac cycle mechanical events, pressure-volume relationship of left ventricle. Cardiac tones. Cardiac output. Cardiac work. Blood pressure.
Hemodynamics: large and small circulation. Flow, velocity, resistance and pressure of the blood. Laminar and turbulent flow. Control of cardiac output and blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation. Blood composition. Hemostasis

Respiratory System
Functional meaning of respiratory system. Respiratory muscles Pressure variations, pulmonary flow and volumes during breathing. Alveolar surface tension and airflow resistance. Spirometry. Total, dead space and alveolar ventilation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio. Gas exchange: alveolar and peripheral capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the blood. The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Control of breathing.

The Urinary System
Functional properties of the kidney. Nephron. Renal blood circulation. The juxtaglomerular apparatus. Glomerular filtration. Renal clearance: clearance of inulin and the clearance of p-amino-hyppuric acid. Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hydro-saline regulation. Countercurrent exchange mechanism. Blood pressure regulation by kidneys: renin-angiotensin system. Mechanisms of urinary concentration and dilution. The process of micturition.
Body Fluid Compartments
Composition and volume of body fluid compartments. Osmolarity and bo.dy fluid regulation. Hydro-saline regulation. Acid-base balance: role of respiratory and renal systems.

Gastrointestinal System
Organization and control systems. Secretory function. Motility. Main nutrients digestion and absorption: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Metabolism
Nutrient metabolism. Energy balance: basal metabolism, temperature regulation and exercise. Measuring metabolism: calorimetry (hints). Food energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Endocrine System
Classify hormones and action mechanisms. Endocrine metabolism control: thyroid, pancreatic and adrenal hormones. Hypothalamus-hypophysis axis hormones.

Definition of: cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus.
Tissues: classification and morphological and functional characteristics. Organization of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Blood.
Definition and classification of organs.
Definition and composition of apparatuses.
Anatomical terminology.
General principles of body organization.
Definition and classification of anatomical spaces.
Musculoskeletal system: structure and function of the skeleton. Definition and classification of joints. Morphology, structure and movements of muscles; tendons. Head, neck, chest and abdominal walls and spaces.
Circulatory system: general organization and function. External and internal morphology of the heart. Morphological and functional analysis of atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves. Localization and function of the cardiac conduction system. Blood vessels: morphology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries. Function of anastomoses and collateral circles. Definition of pulmonary and district circulation. Description of the superficial venous circulation. Lymphatic system (lymph, organs, lymphatic vessels).
Respiratory system: description of organs and analysis of respiratory mechanisms and links between muscles, chest, costal joints; pleural spaces; anatomical bases of phonation. Air-blood barrier.
Digestive system: description of organs; structure of the oral cavity, morphology of teeth, development of dentition; architecture and structure of the digestive organs, and analysis of anatomical bases of digestion; analysis of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of emptying of digestive organs. Liver, with special analysis of morphology and function of liver lobule. Portal vein and its collateral circulations. Extraepatic biliary ducts.
Urinary system: description of organs; kidney and nephron; description of calices, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
Endocrine system: description and classification of endocrine glands; analysis of mechanisms of secretion.
Male and female reproductive system: description of male and female reproductive organs; gametonegenesis and its timing in males and females; spermatogenenesis and oogenesis; ovaric and uterine cycle and their relationships.
Tegumentary system: description and composition. Differential characteristics according to different bodily districts. Skin and appendages. Breast.
Nervous system: definition, composition in organs, functions. Principles of neuroanatomy; function of nervous structures. Anatomical bases of nervous transmission. Principles of main sensory and motory pathways. Integrated and reflex responses; somatotopism. Classification of sensory and consideration on pain.
Central nervous system: systematic description of organs, inner cavities and liquor system.
Peripheric nervous system: description of spinal and encephalic nerves; somatic and visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system.
Special senses: visual system, hearing and vestibular systems, anatomical bases of taste and smell.