Postgraduate School of Orthopaedics and Traumatology

Integrated training objectives (i.e. common core)
The trainee must have acquired satisfactory theoretical knowledge and professional competence in the clinical and instrumental diagnosis and treatment, even in emergency-urgent conditions, of the most common surgical pathologies. The trainee must acquire the fundamental knowledge of physiopathology of the various organs and systems, the theoretical and practical knowledge necessary for the recognition of diseases that affect the various systems of the body, the theoretical and practical knowledge of the main sectors of instrumental and laboratory diagnostics relating to the aforementioned diseases, the acquisition of the ability to evaluate the internal and specialist connections and influences. He must therefore be able to recognize the symptoms and clinical-functional signs with which the diseases of various organs and systems manifest themselves, having acquired the fundamental diagnostic, therapeutic, psychological and ethical knowledge necessary for a global vision of the patient. To this end, he must develop the ability to clinically frame the patient on the basis of the anamnesis and objective examination; develop critical and analytical diagnostic skills; become familiar with the main diagnostic procedures and laboratory-instrumental investigations; recognize and be able to deal with the main medical emergencies; become familiar with the therapeutic resources to plan their optimal use and recognize their indications and contraindications, as well as the interaction effects and possible iatrogenic incidents; acquire the fundamental notions relating to clinical research methodologies and pharmacological trials; know the fundamental problems relating to prevention, public health and social medicine. The trainee must have acquired satisfactory theoretical knowledge and professional competence in the recognition and treatment, in emergency-urgency conditions, of the most widespread pathologies. Finally, the trainee must also know, from a clinical and therapeutic perspective, the most common pathologies within the competence of the other typologies of the class

Basic training objectives
Acquisition of in-depth doctrinal knowledge with related clinical-practical application skills in: Physics, Chemistry, Histology, General Biology, Medical Genetics, Systematic and especially Topographic Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology, Physiopathology, Biomaterials (Biocompatibility), Bioengineering. Furthermore, the knowledge necessary for the epidemiological evaluation and the classification of clinical cases must be included, also through the use of computer systems; as well as the organization and management of health services according to the most recent guidelines, including community ones. The acquisition of practical experience necessary for the semiological and methodological-clinical evaluation of the patient, defining the typology on the basis of knowledge of medical-surgical Physiopathology, Clinical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Instrumental Semiotics, Pathological Anatomy. Fundamental knowledge of the medico-legal aspects related to one's specialist profession and of the laws and regulations that govern clinical activity.
Acquisition of the knowledge bases necessary to organize and manage one's activity as a Specialist Surgeon in Orthopedics and Traumatology, in reference to the characteristics of the Structures in which he is called to operate in the field of the Locomotor System and Organs and, of which he must be able to identify all the specific details and operational congruence.

Educational objectives of the School typology
The acquisition of in-depth doctrinal knowledge and the related clinical-practical application skills in reference to problems of the most varied nature pertinent to the Specialty in Orthopedics and Traumatology.
Knowledge of the principles of asepsis and antisepsis, of the organization and environmental hygiene of operating rooms. Knowledge of surgical instruments, biomaterials not only those of suture, but of all medical-surgical devices: from osteosynthesis means to substitutes, as well as traditional and alternative surgical techniques and methods.
Acquisition of increasingly in-depth knowledge of Anatomy-Topographic Anatomy, also relevant for both the clinical examination and for Applications in Operative Medicine
Demonstration of knowing how to master the clinical situation in front of which one is faced, of knowing how to set up, plan and follow, with constant personal involvement, the most suitable diagnostic process to arrive in the shortest possible time at a correct diagnostic definition of the pathology and the clinical assessment relating to the individual patient.
Acquisition of knowledge of Pathological Anatomy and the related practical-application experience, necessary to define, based on the overall diagnostic evaluation of the disease and the patient's conditions, and on the final clinical assessment, the indication of the type of treatment, Medical and/or Surgical, most appropriate based on the risks, benefits and results aimed at the conditions of the individual patient.
Anatomo-surgical and surgical knowledge necessary to deal, even first-hand, with the practical execution of bloody therapeutic acts to be performed even in urgent and emergency situations.
Ability to deal with and resolve problems related to the setting and management of the immediate post-operative course and even more so of the scheduled remote checks also related to the monitoring of the clinical course. As regards the operating, orthopedic and/or surgical capacity, the Resident proceeds with a gradual progressive commitment of difficulty in learning the various operating techniques, including minimally invasive ones

Are similar or integrative objectives
The acquisition of the basic knowledge and experience necessary to diagnose and also surgically treat the pathologies of specialist competence most frequently encountered in Orthopedics and Traumatology in relation also to other similar and non-similar specialist disciplines. Particular attention must be paid to borderline situations, involving other surgical specialties: Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Thoracic Surgery, General Surgery of the Abdominal field, Vascular Surgery, Pediatric Surgery, Urological Surgery, Gynecological Surgery, oncology.
This also in reference to situations characterized by the non-deferrability of treatment. The Specialist must recognize, diagnose and set the treatment, defining in an overall vision the hierarchical priority in cases of multiple pathologies and/or lesions, especially in patients who require the necessary use of multiple Specialists in the cases mentioned above, especially if they are emergencies.
Identical demanding involvement is, equally specifically reserved, thanks to the due correct baggage of knowledge and professional skills, to Medical Specialties such as Rheumatology, Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, both if characterized by the need for elective treatment, and if also distinguished by profiles of urgency or urgency.

Mandatory professionalizing activities for achieving the objectives of the School typology are:
- having participated in over 700 conservative orthopedic interventions, of which at least 200 were performed in person.
The Resident must have actively participated and personally performed non-invasive orthopedic surgical procedures such as the reduction of fractures, dislocations, fractures and dislocations at the level of all the various anatomical sites of the locomotor system, with the patient under locoregional and/or general anaesthetic sedation, up to the reduction to be obtained with the appropriate external maneuvers and subsequent plaster or orthotic stabilization.
Have performed:
- at least 20 major surgery interventions of which 10% as first operator. The rest as second operator;
- at least 50 medium surgery interventions of which 25% as first operator. The rest as second operator;
- at least 220 minor surgery operations of which 40% as first operator. The rest as second operator.
The Resident must have provided direct assistance for at least one year in emergency surgery and emergency room and in the Integrative Surgical Specialties provided for by the School's regulations.
Have participated in at least 2 cadaverlab sessions.
The Resident may compete for the diploma after completing the professionalizing activities.
The Resident, as part of the training course, must learn the scientific bases of the School's typology in order to achieve full maturity and professional competence that includes an adequate ability to interpret scientific innovations and a critical knowledge that allows him to consciously manage both assistance and his own updating; in this context, participation in meetings, conferences and the production of scientific publications and periods of attendance at qualified Italian and foreign institutions useful for his training may be foreseen.